State v. Olin

• Decision Date: 17 March 1987
• Docket Number: No. 16709,16709
• Parties: STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Danny Lee OLIN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Idaho Supreme Court

Page 984

735 P.2d 984

112 Idaho 673

STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Danny Lee OLIN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 16709.

Supreme Court of Idaho.

March 17, 1987.

Gregory C. Pittenger, McCall, for defendant-appellant.

Jim Jones, Atty. Gen., and Lynn E. Thomas, Sol. Gen., Boise, for plaintiff-respondent.

PER CURIAM.

This case is before us on petitions for review of the judgment and opinions of the Court of Appeals, State v. Olin, 111 Idaho 516, 725 P.2d 801 (Ct.App.1986). As noted by Judge Burnett in the lead opinion, there were divergent views among the membership of that court. Judges Burnett and Swanstrom were generally in agreement that a defendant's requested change in a given instruction should have been made, but one of the two believed the failure to do so was harmless error. Chief Judge Walters was of the view that the instructions as given were correct and were sufficient even with refusal of the change requested by defendant. Judge Walters saw no "need to lend any new definition to our robbery statute," and pointed to the significance of no change in the definition since the territorial legislature's 1864 definition. Judge Swanstrom was also generally in agreement with Chief Judge Walters in that regard, stating that he saw no discernible difference between the specific "intent to take" the property of another, as against the "specific intent" to deprive another his property--and, hence, the semantical question narrowed down to the relative importance of the word "permanently." ¹ Olin, supra, 111 Idaho at 534, 725 P.2d at 819.

All three opinions from the Court of Appeals are well fortified by an abundance of authority, much of it concerned with tracing the history of the crime of robbery as it was known and understood under the common law.

It was a purpose of the 1864 territorial legislature to define and codify offenses which had existed under the common law. Section 151 of the Criminal Practice Act of 1864 made provision for the continued recognition of common law offenses which were not therein recognized and enumerated. That section was carried on over into and after statehood. It provided in pertinent part:

All offenses recognized by the common law as crimes and not herein enumerated are punishable, in case of felony, by imprisonment in the state prison for a term not less than one year nor more than five years; and in case of misdemeanors, by imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding six months or less than one month, or by fine not exceeding $500, or both such fine and imprisonment.

Robbery was not within the scope of continued recognition of common law offenses under that provision, robbery having been specifically defined, as noted by the Court of Appeals, Olin, supra, 111 Idaho at 519, 725 P.2d at 804.

The Territorial Supreme Court had almost the identical question before it in People v. Butler, 1 Idaho 231 (1869), the only distinction being that there the statutory definition of robbery came under scrutiny not in an instruction context, but rather in a challenge to the indictment. In addition to reading the opinion in that case, we have examined the original file in order to have before us the full content of the charge laid in the indictment, which was:

NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE

The 1864 statute is set out in the printed opinion, 1 Idaho at 234, and was in material respects the same then as now. It then read: "Robbery is the felonious and violent taking of money, goods, or other valuable thing from the person of another by force or intimidation." ²

The contention on appeal was that the indictment "nowhere shows [alleges] 'the intent of the defendant to steal or rob.' " The Court's answer was direct and concise:

This point is not well taken; we think the intent of the defendant to steal or rob clearly and sufficiently appears in the indictment. It charges first a felonious assault upon the person robbed, by the defendant putting him feloniously in bodily fear, thereby the feloniously and violent robbing, taking and carrying away by defendant from his person of the property. The words "felonious" and "rob" carry with them the intent, and are sufficient. Butler, supra, 1 Idaho at 234 (emphasis added).

Similarly, it is today the concensus of this Court that the instructions in the case sufficiently informed the jury. The jury was instructed in the language of the robbery statute, and the defendant was charged with having robbed. We believe, as did that earlier Court in 1869, that where the charge is robbery, the words "felonious" and "rob" carry with them the intent to steal and take away.

Given Instruction No. 26, found at 111 Idaho at 532, 725 P.2d at 817, clearly informed the jury that as to a robbery charge, no crime was committed unless the evidence showed specific intent to take personal property in the possession of another from his person or immediate presence. This language would certainly enable any reasonably-minded juror to understand that the person charged in terms of robbing feloniously was thereby depriving a person of his property. That instruction also included language of required specific intent that the person charged used means of force or fear to overcome the will of the victim.

The People's brief in Butler relied upon the then fairly recent case of Turner v. State of Ohio, 1 Ohio 422 (1853)--also an appeal from a robbery conviction. One point which comes out of that opinion is a statement to the effect that crimes in Ohio are only those statutorily defined, as witnessed by this statement: "Now, as we have no common law offenses...." 1 Ohio at 426. Robbery, then, is not a common law offense in either Idaho or Ohio, or, otherwise put, it is specifically a statutory offense in both states.

Under an Ohio statute, in these words, "If any person shall forcibly and by violence, or by putting in fear, take from the person of another, any money or personal property of any value whatsoever, with intent to steal or rob, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of robbery, & c," Turner, supra, 1 Ohio at 424, that court held, after quoting from the opinion of Lord Mansfield in Donnelly's case, 1 Leach 229:

It thus appears that the well settled legal meaning of the words, at the time they were taken from the common law and carried into the statute, were exactly as comprehensive as that put upon them by the court below; and we are of opinion it would be doing violence to the words, as well as the obvious intention of the Legislature, to...