State v. One 1988 Honda Prelude

• Decision Date: 06 December 1991
• Citation: 599 A.2d 932,252 N.J.Super. 312
• Parties: STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ONE 1988 HONDA PRELUDE, Defendant-Respondent.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

Page 312

252 N.J.Super. 312

599 A.2d 932

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ONE 1988 HONDA PRELUDE, Defendant-Respondent.

Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division.

Argued Oct. 16, 1991.

Decided Dec. 6, 1991.

Ernest Hemschot III, Asst. Prosecutor, for plaintiff-appellant (Ronald S. Fava, Passaic County Prosecutor, attorney, Ernest Hemschot III, of counsel and on the letter brief).

Ronald P. Groseibl, Hasbrouck, for defendant-respondent (Groseibl & Terranova, attorneys, Ronald P. Groseibl, on the letter brief).

Catherine A. Foddai, Deputy Atty. Gen., for the Atty. Gen. amicus curiae (Robert J. Del Tufo, Atty. Gen., attorney, Catherine A. Foddai, on the letter brief).

Before Judges MICHELS and O'BRIEN.

The opinion of the court was delivered by O'BRIEN, J.A.D.

The State, through the Passaic County Prosecutor's Office, appeals from the dismissal of its complaint seeking forfeiture of a 1988 Honda Prelude automobile with Pennsylvania registration, allegedly owned by Diana M. Perry and used by her to facilitate the perpetration of illegal acts pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:64-1(a)(2). We reverse and remand.

On October 19, 1990 at approximately 12:45 a.m., Perry was driving her 1988 Honda automobile in Passaic accompanied by Darryl Lipscomb. She stopped at one point and Lipscomb got out of the car, went into an alleyway for a few seconds and returned to the vehicle. As they proceeded, Perry drove through a red light at the intersection of Main and Summer Streets, whereupon she was stopped by a marked police vehicle which had had Perry's vehicle under surveillance from the time she first dropped Lipscomb off at the alleyway. As one of the officers approached the vehicle, he observed an object thrown out of the driver's side window. When retrieved, the object was found to be a clear plastic bag containing cocaine. Perry and Lipscomb were arrested and the automobile was impounded.

Perry was ultimately charged with possession of cocaine ( N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10a(1)), possession of CDS in a vehicle ( N.J.S.A. 39:4-49.1), improper passing ( N.J.S.A. 39:4-85), and failure to stop ( N.J.S.A. 39:4-115b). Lipscomb was charged with possession of cocaine, attempted assault ( N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a)), and resisting arrest ( N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2). Prior to the probable cause hearing in the municipal court, the State downgraded the indictable complaint to charge Perry and Lipscomb with possession of narcotics paraphernalia ( N.J.S.A. 2C:36-2), Perry with possession of CDS in a vehicle ( N.J.S.A. 39:4-49.1), and Lipscomb with simple assault and resisting arrest.

On December 3, 1990, the State filed a civil complaint seeking forfeiture of the automobile owned by Perry pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:64-1 et seq. In accordance with Rule 4:67-2(a), an order was issued directing Perry to show cause why her vehicle should not be forfeited. Perry cross-moved for dismissal of the complaint and for leave to file an answer out of time. After several adjournments, the matter was finally heard on March 8, 1991, resulting in the order under review of March 25, 1991 dismissing the forfeiture complaint with prejudice. The State appeals. By order of July 29, 1991, we granted a motion by the attorney general to appear and argue as amicus curiae. On September 25, 1991, we denied the State's motion to supplement the record. ¹

In dismissing the complaint the trial judge relied upon our decision in State v. One (1) 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z-28, 202 N.J.Super. 222, 494 A.2d 816 (App.Div.1985), in which we concluded that the language "unlawful activity" and "illegal acts" used in N.J.S.A. 2C:64-1a(2) refers only to crimes, i.e., indictable offenses, and not disorderly persons offenses. Id. at 230, 494 A.2d 816. Thus, Perry argues that since the ultimate charges against her were disorderly persons offenses and not indictable, her vehicle cannot be forfeited. The trial judge agreed.

On this appeal, the prosecutor argues that he has no quarrel with our holding in State v. One (1) 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z-28, but observes that the court there did not require an arrest, indictment or conviction, but simply found that the terms "unlawful activity" and "illegal acts" should be interpreted to mean "indictable, unlawful activity" and "indictable, illegal acts." Since the unlawful activity and illegal acts alleged to have been facilitated by Perry were indictable, the facts that the offenses were downgraded and that she was ultimately acquitted are thus irrelevant, argues the prosecutor.

Courts have permitted forfeiture even when all criminal charges are completely dismissed on the State's motion. State v. Rodriguez, 130 N.J.Super. 57, 324 A.2d 911 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 66 N.J. 325, 331 A.2d 24 (1974). The United States Supreme Court has held that even a complete and full acquittal could not bar a forfeiture action. See One Lot Emerald Cut Stones and One Ring v. United States, 409 U.S. 232, 93 S.Ct. 489, 34 L.Ed.2d 438 (1972). Forfeiture has been permitted in a case where the indictable charges were not billed and the remaining disorderly persons complaint was dismissed. See State v. Rose, 173 N.J.Super. 478, 414 A.2d 600 (App.Div.1980). We have held that criminal guilt or innocence is not per se relevant in a forfeiture action, even as to third parties, State v. One 1979 Pontiac Sunbird, 191 N.J.Super. 578, 468 A.2d 715 (App.Div.1983), where forfeiture of an automobile was granted by the trial court. We reversed and remanded the matter for trial because of proof defects which could not sustain summary judgment, but held that property of a criminally innocent owner could be forfeited, citing Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 94 S.Ct. 2080, 40 L.Ed.2d 452, reh'g denied, 417 U.S. 977, 94 S.Ct. 3187, 41 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1974). Moreover, N.J.S.A. 2C:64-4(b) provides:

The fact that a prosecution involving seized property terminates without a conviction does not preclude forfeiture proceedings against the property pursuant to this chapter.

See also State v. Cunningham, 186 N.J.Super. 502, 453 A.2d 239 (App.Div.1982).

The attorney general goes beyond the argument of the prosecutor, suggesting that State v. One 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z-28 may have been wrongly decided. However, we do not have to resolve that question since the attorney general also notes that claimant Perry was originally charged with a third degree crime, notwithstanding it was downgraded to a disorderly persons offense. Hence, the State asserts that the vehicle was used to facilitate a crime within the reasoning of State v. One 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z-28. Furthermore, even though the forfeiture statute creates a right of action against the property, it nevertheless requires a direct causal relationship between the use of the property and the unlawful activity. State v. One 1986 Subaru, 230 N.J.Super. 451, 457, 553 A.2d 869 (App.Div.1989), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 120 N.J. 310, 576 A.2d 859 (1990). Modern forfeiture statutes were enacted as a means of preventing the commission of particular offenses or as a means of providing incentives to owners of property to be more responsible in using the property. State v. 1979 Pontiac Trans Am, 98 N.J. 474, 480-481, 487 A.2d 722 (1985). Forfeiture proceedings are civil in rem actions against the property itself. Id. at 480, 487 A.2d 722.

When the Legislature enacted N.J.S.A. 2C:64-1, it designated as prima facie contraband, controlled dangerous substances, firearms which were unlawfully possessed, carried, acquired or used, illegally possessed...