State v. Ortega

• Decision Date: 02 February 1994
• Docket Number: No. 20493,20493
• Citation: 1994 NMSC 13,117 N.M. 160,870 P.2d 122
• Parties: STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Reynaldo ORTEGA, Defendant-Petitioner.
• Court: New Mexico Supreme Court

Page 122

870 P.2d 122

117 N.M. 160

STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Reynaldo ORTEGA, Defendant-Petitioner.

No. 20493.

Supreme Court of New Mexico.

Feb. 2, 1994.

[117 N.M. 161] Sammy J. Quintana, Chief Public Defender, Susan Roth, Asst. Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, for petitioner.

Tom Udall, Atty. Gen., Max Shepard, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for respondent.

OPINION

RANSOM, Chief Justice.

Reynaldo Ortega was convicted of illegal possession of heroin with intent to distribute under NMSA 1978, Section 30-31-20(A)(3) (Repl.Pamp.1989). Ortega appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals raising several issues, among which was whether exigent circumstances justified an officer's unannounced entry into Ortega's residence to execute a search warrant. The Court of Appeals found that exigent circumstances did justify the unannounced entry but reversed the conviction and remanded for a new trial because the search warrant was overbroad. State v. Ortega, 114 N.M. 193, 836 P.2d 639 (Ct.App.1992). We granted Ortega's petition for a writ of certiorari to address the issue of exigent circumstances. We agree with the Court of Appeals that there were exigent circumstances justifying the unannounced entry, and we affirm.

Facts. Some time prior to December 20, 1989, Officer Luis Lara received information from a confidential informant that Robert Jimenez was selling heroin out of his home. The informant told Officer Lara that Ortega, who was residing with Jimenez, was supplying Jimenez with the heroin and that the evidence would be destroyed if the occupants of the house knew that the police were coming. Officer Lara verified this information through other informants and secured a search warrant. The search warrant authorized an unannounced entry into Ortega's residence.

At approximately 4:30 p.m. on December 20, Officer Lara and five to seven other officers went to the Jimenez residence to execute the search warrant. When they reached the house, they noticed several young children playing in the front yard. Lara testified at a suppression hearing that when the children noticed the police officers they started yelling "Cops! Cops!" and screaming. One child ran toward the front door of the house yelling "Cops! Cops!"

Officer Lara followed the child toward the house. The child opened the screen door (the front door was already open) and ran into the house with Officer Lara following. As he entered, Officer Lara saw Ortega drop something onto the couch where he had been sitting and rush for the back door. Other officers apprehended Ortega before he could exit the house. Officers recovered the dropped item and determined that it was a bag of marijuana. The officers also recovered a pill bottle containing 2.082 grams of heroin near the location where Ortega had been sitting.

It is uncontroverted that Officer Lara did not knock and announce his presence before entering the house. Ortega moved to suppress the evidence recovered from within the house, arguing that Officer Lara's failure to knock and announce violated Ortega's constitutional rights. The district court denied Ortega's motion, finding that the officers did not rely upon the "no-knock" authority in the warrant and that exigent circumstances existed that justified the officers' unannounced entry into the residence. The jury convicted Ortega of one count of possession of heroin with intent to distribute.

Standard for reviewing determination and sufficiency of exigent circumstances. We examine determinations of exigent circumstances using a de novo standard of review. State v. Attaway, 117 N.M. 141, 144, 870 P.2d 103, 106 (1994). We review the sufficiency of exigent circumstances by determining whether "a reasonable, well-trained, and prudent police officer" could conclude that swift action was necessary. See id. at 153, 870 P.2d at 115; State v. Sanchez, 88 N.M. 402, 403, 540 P.2d 1291, 1292 (1975) (holding that exigent circumstances "must be evaluated from the point of view of a prudent, cautious and trained police officer"), overruled in part on other grounds by Attaway, 117 N.M. at 146, 870 P.2d at 108. "[I]n all cases the ultimate question is whether the search and seizure was reasonable." State v. Martinez, 94 N.M. 436, 440, 612 P.2d 228, 232, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 959, 101 S.Ct. 371, 66 L.Ed.2d 226 (1980).

Exigent circumstances based on destruction of evidence. We agree with the cogent rationale expressed by Judge Chavez in his dissent below to the effect that the mere potential for destruction of evidence does not in itself give rise to any exigency. See Ortega, 114 N.M. at 201-02, 836 P.2d at 647-48. The federal courts and our state courts have long held that an unannounced entry is justified if, prior to entry, the officer has a reasonable belief that evidence is being or is about to be destroyed. See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 40-41, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 1633-34, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1963) (plurality opinion); Sanchez, 88 N.M. at 403, 540 P.2d at 1292. Since Sanchez, however, this Court has stated that the knock and announce rule is of constitutional dimension. See Attaway, 117 N.M. at 145-46, 870 P.2d at 107-08.

The purpose of a search warrant is to prevent unreasonable invasions of the privacy rights of individuals. See Ker, 374 U.S. at 39, 83 S.Ct. at 1632 (citing People v. Maddox, 46 Cal.2d 301, 294 P.2d 6, 9 (Cal.) (in bank), cert. denied, 352 U.S. 858 (1956)). We hold these privacy rights in such high regard that we require that every warrant be supported by probable cause. E.g., State v. Cordova, 109 N.M. 211, 213, 784 P.2d 30, 32 (1989). Evidence seized pursuant to an invalid warrant will be excluded, even if the officers relied in good faith on the warrant. E.g., State v. Gutierrez, ...