State v. Ovitt

Decision Date31 January 1986
Docket NumberNo. 83-097,83-097
Citation148 Vt. 398,535 A.2d 1272
PartiesSTATE of Vermont, v. Randall OVITT.
CourtVermont Supreme Court

Jeffrey L. Amestoy, Atty. Gen., Elizabeth J. Grant, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Stephen Norten and Steve Craddock, Law Clerks, on the brief, Montpelier, for plaintiff-appellee.

Nancy E. Kaufman, Montpelier, for defendant-appellant.

Present ALLEN, C.J., and HILL, PECK, GIBSON and HAYES, JJ.

HAYES, Justice.

Defendant appeals, after trial by jury, from a conviction of lewd and lascivious conduct in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 2601. We affirm.

While leaving for work one day, the complaining witness observed defendant masturbating while standing by his mother's barn, located across the road from the witness's residence. Instead of driving to her job, she immediately drove to her husband's place of business to tell him what had happened. She called her babysitter and told her to lock the doors. The witness then called the police, who arrested defendant after an investigation.

Prior to trial, defendant filed various motions. The first was to exclude the statements made by the complaining witness to her husband and to her babysitter. The court denied this motion, and allowed these statements as res gestae, or excited utterance exceptions to the hearsay rule. Defendant also moved to exclude evidence of his prior alleged acts of the same character. The court granted this motion.

During the trial, defense counsel introduced evidence that, at the time of the alleged offense, defendant was milking cows in a barn about a quarter of a mile away. Concerning this alibi, the trial judge instructed the jury that if they found beyond a reasonable doubt that the alibi was false or fabricated or fictitious, the attempt to establish the alibi was evidence of guilt.

After three days of trial, defendant was found guilty. He filed a motion for judgment of acquittal which was denied and he appeals.

I.

The trial court instructed the jury on alibi as follows:

Now, evidence in this case has also been introduced tending to establish that an alibi was asserted and established, in other words, that the Defendant was not present at the time when or at the place where he was alleged to have committed the offense charged in the Information. It is, of course, the State's burden to establish beyond a reasonable doubt each of the essential elements of the offense, including the involvement of the Defendant. And, if, after consideration of all the evidence in this case, you have a doubt as to whether the Defendant was present at the time and place as alleged in the Information, then you must find him not guilty. However, if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the alibi is false or fabricated or fictitious and that the Defendant was, in fact, at the place when and where the crime was committed, then the attempt to establish an alibi is evidence of guilt to be considered by you along with all the other evidence in this case. (emphasis added).

Defendant argues that this instruction implied that a failed attempt to establish an alibi was some evidence of guilt. We disagree. The instruction given mentions nothing about a failed attempt to establish an alibi. Instead it specifically concerns the evidentiary consequences flowing from a finding by the jury that the alibi is false or fabricated or fictitious.

Two general kinds of instructions relating to the effect of failure to prove an alibi are: 1) those relating to the effect given to the fact that the defendant has failed to prove his alibi; and 2) those relating to the effect given to the fact that the evidence supporting defendant's alibi is false and fabricated. See Annot., 146 A.L.R. 1377, 1385 (1943).

Defendant, in his brief, makes the error of transforming the false and fabricated alibi instruction given in this case into a failure to prove alibi instruction. We agree with defendant that it would have been error to instruct the jury that failure to prove an alibi constitutes evidence of guilt. Such an instruction implies that a defendant has some affirmative obligation to establish the alibi. An affirmative defense usually involves a justification for an admitted action. An alibi, on the other hand, is simply a denial of the possibility of having committed a crime because of being somewhere else when it was committed. Stump v. Bennett, 398 F.2d 111, 116 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1001, 89 S.Ct. 483, 21 L.Ed.2d 466 (1968).

A jury instruction that a failed attempt to establish an alibi is evidence of some guilt implies a shifting of the burden of proof from the State to the defendant, and as such, violates due process. "[T]he Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged." In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1073, 25 L.Ed.2d 323 (1970); see also State v. Dusablon, 142 Vt. 95, 97, 453 A.2d 79, 81 (1982). "[I]t is the burden of the government to prove the complicity of the defendant, not the burden of the defendant to establish his innocence." United States v. Burse, 531 F.2d 1151, 1153 (2d Cir.1976).

Our determination that it is error to give an instruction that a failed attempt to establish an alibi is some evidence of guilt does not mean that an instruction that a false, fabricated or fictitious alibi is evidence of guilt is also error. This Court has approved the use of the false, fabricated or fictitious type of alibi instruction in the past. See State v. Ladabouche, 127 Vt. 171, 177, 243 A.2d 769, 773 (1968); State v. Conley, 107 Vt. 72, 76, 176 A. 300, 302 (1935); State v. Ward, 61 Vt. 153, 194, 17 A. 483, 491 (1888). We cite these cases with approval only to the extent that they stand for the proposition that a false, fabricated or fictitious alibi may be considered as some evidence of guilt.

We note that when the State presents direct evidence to show that a defendant's alibi is false, fabricated or fictitious, it is unquestionably proper for the court to instruct the jury that, if they find beyond a reasonable doubt that the alibi is false, fabricated or fictitious, they may consider this some evidence of guilt. Direct evidence of falsity, however, is not an essential prerequisite to the use of a false or fabricated type of alibi instruction. Jurors may believe, without direct evidence of falsity, that a defendant's alibi is false. Nevertheless, when the State presents no direct evidence that the defendant's alibi is false or fabricated, as in the case at bar, the better approach is to include, in close proximity to the alibi instruction, a thorough instruction on the State's obligation to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

The charge given by the court below, when examined in its entirety, did not violate defendant's right to due process. It included a thorough instruction on the State's obligation to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, as well as an instruction to find defendant not guilty if, after considering all the evidence, the jury had a reasonable doubt as to defendant's presence at the time and place of the incident. Thus, we find no error in the court's alibi instruction.

II.

Defendant next asserts that the trial court erred in ruling that statements made by the complaining witness to the babysitter and to her husband were admissible as part of the res gestae.

We need not determine whether the testimony of the husband and the babysitter was hearsay, or whether it was subject to the res gestae exception to the hearsay rule. Even if we assume that its admission was improper, reversal is required only if it is shown to be prejudicial to the defendant. " 'To overturn a jury verdict, defendant has the burden of establishing prejudice to a degree warranting reversal.' " State v. Hall, 145 Vt. 299, 305, 487 A.2d 166, 170 (1984) (quoting State v. Lupien, 143 Vt. 378, 383, 466 A.2d 1172, 1175 (1983)).

The testimony of both the husband and the babysitter did not differ from the testimony of the complaining witness herself, which was already in the case without error. " '[E]rror in the admission of evidence over objection and exception after evidence of like tenor has been admitted without objection is harmless.' " Id. (quoting Leonard v. Henderson, 118 Vt. 29, 37, 99 A.2d 698, 703 (1953)). Defendant has failed to establish any prejudice attributable to the testimony of the husband and babysitter. Therefore, even if its admission was error, it was harmless and does not warrant reversal.

III.

Defendant next contends that the State must prove, as an element of the offense, that the defendant did in fact expose his genitals. We disagree. Defendant was charged with lewd and lascivious behavior, 13 V.S.A. § 2601, not with indecent exposure. The charge was based on defendant's "masturbating his genitalia" in public. This is what the State was required to prove.

Defendant concedes that indecent exposure and public masturbation have been deemed to be proscribed by statutes prohibiting open and gross lewd and lascivious behavior. See Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1, 354 A.2d 244 (1976) (open lewdness statute can be constitutionally applied to defendant charged with masturbating in a public place); State v. Millard, 18 Vt. 574 (1846) (open and gross lewd and lascivious conduct for a man to expose himself to a woman and solicit her to have sexual intercourse, despite her opposition).

The complaining witness testified that defendant was "masturbating." She described defendant as having his shirt unbuttoned and rolled back so that she "could see his full stomach area," as well as his thighs. He was outdoors, a few feet from a public highway, in plain view. She demonstrated defendant's stroking motion, and further testified that he pivoted as she passed by, to remain directly in front of her, in full view. She was close enough to have spoken to def...

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12 cases
  • In re A.P.
    • United States
    • Vermont Supreme Court
    • 9 Octubre 2020
    ...have we insisted that more than one person witness the lewd act. See Maunsell, 170 Vt. at 543, 743 A.2d at 582; State v. Ovitt, 148 Vt. 398, 401, 535 A.2d 1272, 1273 (1986); Millard, 18 Vt. at 578. Our case law shows that we have repeatedly embraced a broad definition of "open." While even ......
  • In re A.P.
    • United States
    • Vermont Supreme Court
    • 9 Octubre 2020
    ...have we insisted that more than one person witness the lewd act. See Maunsell, 170 Vt. at 543, 743 A.2d at 582 ; State v. Ovitt, 148 Vt. 398, 401, 535 A.2d 1272, 1273 (1986) ; Millard, 18 Vt. at 578. Our case law shows that we have repeatedly embraced a broad definition of "open." While eve......
  • Moses v. Com.
    • United States
    • Virginia Supreme Court
    • 12 Abril 2005
    ...obscene, or indecent sexual proposal, or to commit any other lewd, obscene, or indecent act" (emphases added)); State v. Ovitt, 148 Vt. 398, 535 A.2d 1272, 1275-76 (1986) (under statute proscribing "open and gross lewdness and lascivious behavior" without further defining that offense, hold......
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    • 25 Noviembre 2009
    ...S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979); Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 215, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977); State v. Ovitt, 148 Vt. 398, 402, 535 A.2d 1272, 1274 (1986). We do not believe, however, that the trial court's alibi instructions in the present case shifted the burden of pro......
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