State v. Pinardville Athletic Club

• Decision Date: 24 July 1991
• Docket Number: No. 89-460,89-460
• Citation: 134 N.H. 462,594 A.2d 1284
• Parties: The STATE of New Hampshire v. PINARDVILLE ATHLETIC CLUB.
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court

Page 1284

594 A.2d 1284

134 N.H. 462

The STATE of New Hampshire v. PINARDVILLE ATHLETIC CLUB.

No. 89-460.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

July 24, 1991.

John P. Arnold, Attorney General (Jeffrey A. Meyers, Atty., on brief, and David S. Peck, Sr. Asst. Atty. Gen., orally), for State.

Emile R. Bussiere P.A., Manchester (Richard J. Walsh, on the brief and orally), for defendant.

BATCHELDER, Justice.

The defendant, Pinardville Athletic Club (PAC), was convicted after a jury trial in Superior Court (Murphy, J.) on two counts of permitting gambling on its premises, RSA 647:2. Challenging its conviction, PAC raises four issues on appeal. First, it maintains that its requested jury instruction, that the State had to prove that PAC's board of directors authorized the alleged activity, was improperly denied. Second, PAC asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motions to dismiss based on the State's failure to introduce sufficient evidence to establish the offense. Third, it argues that the trial court's jury instruction improperly suggested that PAC had an affirmative burden to prove that its conduct fell within a recognized exception to the gambling statute. Finally, PAC contends that the trial court erroneously denied its request to reconvene and poll the jury to determine whether it had been influenced by the publication of an article in the Manchester Union Leader, which contained information not admissible at trial. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

On the morning of July 23, 1988, New Hampshire State Troopers Cheever Newhall, Jr., and Arthur Wiggin, who were working undercover, entered PAC with William Gross, a member of the club who cooperated with the State Police in their investigation. The troopers observed five "video poker machines," which were in use by other customers. The machines operated like a traditional poker game, but the machines would display the cards that had been "dealt," and the player would then bet points which were accumulated by inserting money into the machine and by playing other "hands." As machines became available, the men sat down to play. When Gross, who played first, had amassed a number of points on the machine, he summoned the bartender, who cleared the points from the machine and recorded Gross's name and point tally in a notebook that she had retrieved from behind the bar.

Trooper Newhall deposited several dollar bills into two of the machines, made wagers drew cards, and amassed a total of one-hundred points on one machine and one-hundred-ten points on the other. After depositing a five-dollar bill, Trooper Wiggin played one of the video poker machines and tallied approximately forty points. After the troopers had completed playing, the bartender again cleared the machines, and recorded the total points earned in the notebook under Gross's name. The troopers then left the club, but returned the following day, again with Gross. Gross asked the bartender on duty if he could have his "envelope," which the bartender produced from a drawer under the cash register. The envelope contained $112.50 in cash.

On appeal, PAC first argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury that the State was required to prove that PAC's board of directors "voted to allow the activity complained of by the State." The State contends that this issue was not properly preserved for appellate review and, even if it were, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied PAC's requested jury instruction.

As a threshold issue, we note that the question of the propriety of the denial of PAC's requested jury instruction was properly preserved. Although defense counsel did not clearly articulate the reason for his objection to the trial court's instruction, that reason was known to the trial court, because it had previously read PAC's proposed jury instruction and had denied it. Consequently, "[c]ounsel's objection gave the trial court an adequate opportunity to reconsider its ruling...." State v. Judkins, 128 N.H. 223, 225, 512 A.2d 427, 428 (1986).

Whether a requested jury instruction will be given is a decision to be made by the trial court in the sound exercise of its discretion. State v. Wood, 132 N.H. 162, 164, 562 A.2d 1312, 1314 (1989). Although PAC had requested that the trial court instruct the jury that the State had to show that PAC's board of directors voted to allow the illegal activity, no such requirement exists. PAC's request would allow a corporation to shield itself from criminal liability by fortuitously neglecting to vote and record its support of any illegal conduct. At trial, the jury was instructed that "[a] corporation may be held criminally responsible for criminal acts performed by its agents and employees on its [sic] behalf of the corporation if the agents and employees were acting within the scope of their authority or their employment." We find no error in this instruction.

Second, PAC maintains that there was insufficient evidence to establish the offense of gambling as defined by RSA 647:2 and, therefore, that the trial court erred in denying its motions to dismiss. Specifically, PAC argues that RSA 647:2, IV defines gambling as "risk[ing] something of value upon a future contingent event not under his [or her] control or influence, upon an agreement or understanding that he [or she] will receive something of value in the event of a certain outcome." It contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove: (1) "something of value"; (2) "not under his [or her] control or influence"; and (3) "an agreement or understanding." PAC's arguments, however, are without merit.

In an appeal based upon the sufficiency of the evidence, the defendant bears the burden of showing that no rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hunter, 132 N.H. 556, 561, 567 A.2d 564, 567-68 (1989). The record clearly reveals a sufficient basis upon which a rational trier of fact could have found that the State satisfied every requirement of RSA 647:2. First, the troopers testified that they inserted one-dollar and five-dollar bills into the machines. Although they were not able to recall how many bills they had put into the machines, there was no requirement that the State quantify the amount of money inserted to prove that "something of value" was wagered. Second, although a player could control the points that he or she bet and, therefore, a skilled player would likely tally more points than would a novice player, the selection of cards dealt, rather than the amount of money wagered, was "not under [the player's] control." Finally, the troopers presented testimony at trial that they had observed several people playing the machines and had watched the bartender record the players' names and point totals. Trooper Newhall testified, "My understanding was that the points that we accumulated that day would be recorded, and that you'd have to come back the next day to receive your pay off." Thus, there was an "understanding" that they would receive something of value in return for inserting money and playing the machines. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we hold that the jury could...