State v. Pinder

• Decision Date: 09 May 1986
• Docket Number: No. 84-477,84-477
• Citation: 128 N.H. 66,514 A.2d 1241
• Parties: The STATE of New Hampshire v. Bernard R. PINDER.
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court

Page 1241

514 A.2d 1241

128 N.H. 66

The STATE of New Hampshire v. Bernard R. PINDER.

No. 84-477.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

May 9, 1986.

Stephen E. Merrill, Atty. Gen. (Andrew L. Isaac, Asst. Atty. Gen., on brief and orally), for State.

Burns, Bryant, Hinchey, Cox & Shea, Dover (Anthony A. McManus on brief and orally), for defendant.

KING, Chief Justice.

The defendant was convicted in a trial before the Superior Court (Wyman, J.) of knowingly having under his control over two pounds of marijuana and of knowingly manufacturing the marijuana, both violations of RSA 318-B:2. The defendant appealed, and we affirm.

On August 27, 1983, a deputy sheriff from the Carroll County sheriff's office was told by an unnamed informant that the informant had discovered what he believed to be marijuana growing in an isolated clearing in woods located in Ossipee. The informant also related that a yellow house trailer was situated nearby.

The deputy and a sergeant of the State Police consulted the Ossipee tax and deed maps. They confirmed that a trailer was located in the area described by the informant, and they also learned that the deed to the property was in the name of Bernard R. Pinder, the defendant. The officers sought a warrant to search the Pinder property and the inside of the trailer. A magistrate issued a warrant to search the woods and clearing, but not the trailer, finding no probable cause to search that structure.

When the officers went to the defendant's property to execute the search warrant, they found a wire rope stretched across the driveway leading to the trailer, which was visible from the public highway. Using a half-inch wrench, the officers undid one of the ties holding the rope up and entered the property. The officers observed "Beware of Dog" signs hanging on the porch and on a tree, and they also saw "a couple of 'No Trespassing' signs."

After entering the defendant's land, the officers followed an old logging road behind the trailer into the woods. There they found three separate fields of marijuana. The fields were approximately one-quarter mile behind the trailer and were not visible from the public highway. The hundreds of marijuana plants the officers found in the remote fields were watered by an extensive system of pipes, hoses, and shower attachments. After this initial search, the officers, relying on what they saw during the first search, sought and were granted a second search warrant for the inside of the trailer. One of the officers who conducted the first search reported in the affidavit in support of the second search warrant that:

"The various hoses in the watering system were all connected to one hose which [we] traced through the woods to its termination, an outside water outlit [sic] comming [sic] from under the yellow trailer.... This trailer being the only source of water for the plants. In front of the trailer we located an artiesian [sic] well. Beside the trailer wer [sic] located more hose which was rolled up and identical to some of the hose connecting the trailer to the plants."

The officers' search of the trailer yielded, among other things, a quantity of marijuana, dried animal blood fertilizer and other materials for use in growing plants, two magazines with the defendant's name and his Newton Junction address on them, and an approval for construction of a septic system made out to the defendant from the State Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission.

In October 1983, the defendant was indicted for (1) knowingly having under his control in excess of two pounds of marijuana and (2) manufacturing over 350 marijuana plants on his Ossipee land, both in violation of RSA 318-B:2. The manufacturing indictment was defective in that it failed to allege a mental state of the defendant. The defect was corrected by an indictment returned against the defendant in July of 1984, alleging that he knowingly manufactured marijuana.

Prior to trial, the defendant moved to suppress evidence seized under both search warrants, claiming that the issuance of the warrants was not supported by probable cause. At the hearing on the motions to suppress, the State argued, first, that a warrant was not needed to search the woods on the Pinder property and, second, that the issuance of both warrants was supported by probable cause. The trial court denied the motions to suppress.

The defendant also moved to dismiss both the October 1983 and the July 1984 marijuana manufacturing indictments. The defendant claimed that the first was invalid on its face, and that the second was not brought within sixty days of the defendant's arrest, in violation of the rule in State v. Hastings, 120 N.H. 454, 417 A.2d 7 (1980). The motion was denied.

In August 1984, the defendant was tried before the superior court and was convicted under both the possession and the manufacturing indictments. The defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, requesting that the trial court set aside its verdict on the grounds that the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence to prove that the defendant manufactured or possessed marijuana, and that the State failed to prove each and every element of both charges. In his motion for reconsideration, the defendant also renewed his motions to suppress and to dismiss. The motion for reconsideration was denied. From the denials of these motions and from his convictions the defendant appeals, and we affirm.

The defendant's first argument on appeal is that our rule in Hastings that an indictment should normally be brought within sixty days from a defendant's arrest requires dismissal of the marijuana manufacturing indictment in this case. We disagree.

In State v. Hastings, 120 N.H. at 455, 417 A.2d at 8, we noted that, "We can see no reason why an indictment should not be brought within sixty days from the date of an arrest." We added that should an indictment not be brought within the prescribed time, "it will be the State's burden to demonstrate that the delay has not been unreasonable." Id. at 455-56, 417 A.2d at 8 (citation omitted). Although the Hastings rule is "not to be lightly regarded," State v. Hughes, 123 N.H. 66, 67, 455 A.2d 1069, 1070 (1983), "it should not be mechanically applied," State v. Berger, 125 N.H. 83, 91, 480 A.2d 27, 31 (1984).

In this case, the defendant was arrested on August 28, 1983. He was indicted on October 18, 1983, within sixty days of his arrest, for manufacturing marijuana in violation of RSA 318-B:2. The indictment charged that the defendant

"did, manufacture a quantity of a controlled drug, to wit: Marijuana, that he did on property owned by him grow over 350 (three hundred and fifty) marijuana plants at Ossipee, New Hampshire[.]"

The 1983 indictment also cited "RSA 318-B:2." The indictment was defective because it did not allege a culpable mental state or mens rea. RSA 626:2, I; see State v. Aldrich, 124 N.H. 43, 466 A.2d 938 (1983).

On July 24, 1984, some eleven months after the defendant's arrest, a second manufacturing indictment was returned against him. The second indictment was identical to the first save for the word "knowingly," which appeared between "did" and "manufacture," and the words "Class A Felony," which appeared next to the citation "RSA 318-B:2." This second indictment was returned nearly one month prior to the defendant's August 22, 1984 trial.

We hold that the State satisfied the Hastings requirement in this case. The initial indictment, though defective, nevertheless apprised the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, see State v. Monahan, 125 N.H. 17, 24-25, 480 A.2d 863, 868 (1984). The second indictment did not work a surprise on the defendant which prejudiced his defense, cf. State v. Spade, 118 N.H. 186, 385 A.2d 115 (1978) (amended indictment was not a surprise which prejudiced accused's defense).

The defendant's second argument on appeal is that the State produced insufficient evidence at his trial to prove that he knowingly manufactured or knowingly possessed marijuana. We disagree.

In a criminal case, the State must establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, State v. Adelson, 118 N.H. 484, 486, 389 A.2d 1382, 1384 (1978), for each of the elements of the crime charged. State v. Fossett, 119 N.H. 155, 156, 399 A.2d 966, 967 (1979). "It is well established in this State that circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to support a conviction if it excludes all other rational conclusions." State v. Woodman, 125 N.H. 381, 386, 480 A.2d 169, 172 (1984).

The defendant has the burden of showing that "no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 386, 480 A.2d at 172. "In determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we will view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution." Id.

We conclude that defendant Pinder has failed to sustain his burden of proof that the entire body of evidence was insufficient to prove he committed the crimes of knowingly manufacturing and knowingly possessing marijuana, where the State introduced evidence that Pinder was the record owner of the Ossipee land, that Pinder's name was on an application for a waste disposal system for the site, and that two magazines with the defendant's name and home address were found in the trailer.

The defendant's third argument on appeal is that there was not probable cause to issue the search warrants for the defendant's Ossipee property, that lack of probable cause made the search warrants invalid, and that lack of valid search warrants made the searches of the property unreasonable under part I, article 19 of the New Hampshire Constitution. We disagree, since we hold that no warrant was required for the first search and that probable cause existed to issue the second search warrant.

The defendant does not make a claim under the Federal Constitution's Bill of Rights. Thus, our...