State v. Poole

• Decision Date: 25 March 1986
• Docket Number: No. 85-0829-CR,85-0829-CR
• Citation: 394 N.W.2d 909,131 Wis.2d 359
• Parties: STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Joseph H. POOLE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Page 909

394 N.W.2d 909

131 Wis.2d 359

STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Joseph H. POOLE, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 85-0829-CR.

Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.

Submitted on Briefs Nov. 11, 1985.

Opinion Released March 25, 1986.

Opinion Filed March 25, 1986.

[131 Wis.2d 360] Steven P. Weiss, Asst. State Public Defender, for defendant-appellant.

Bronson C. La Follette, Atty. Gen., and Kirbie Knutson, Asst. Atty. Gen., for plaintiff-respondent.

Before GARTZKE, P.J., and DYKMAN, and EICH, JJ.

DYKMAN, Judge.

Defendant appeals from an order denying his motion for postconviction relief. The issues are: (1) whether the prosecutor failed to carry out the terms of a plea agreement; and (2) whether Poole was entitled to withdraw his plea when the court determined it would not sentence him in accordance with the plea agreement. We conclude that the state may not undercut a sentencing recommendation bargained for under a plea agreement, and therefore reverse and remand for resentencing.

FACTS

Defendant pleaded guilty to a burglary charge pursuant to a plea agreement in which the state would recommend a fine of $1500.00. At sentencing, the prosecutor recommended the fine, but noted that this recommendation was agreed to "before we knew of the other instances. But that is our agreement." The "other instance" was a separate case in which defendant's probation had been revoked. The court imposed a five year sentence, concurrent with the The facts are undisputed. We apply the law to undisputed facts without deference to the trial court. Ball v. District No. 4, Area Board, 117 Wis.2d 529, 537, 345 N.W.2d 389, 394 (1984).

three year term defendant was already serving. Defendant alleged the state had breached its agreement, and moved the court to modify the sentence to a concurrent 3-year term or, alternatively,[131 Wis.2d 361] to permit him to withdraw his guilty plea. The court denied the motions, and defendant appeals.

THE SENTENCING RECOMMENDATION

Justice Douglas, concurring in Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 264, 92 S.Ct. 495, 500, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971), noted that "[h]owever important plea bargaining may be in the administration of criminal justice ... a guilty plea is a serious and sobering occasion inasmuch as it constitutes a waiver of the fundamental rights to a jury trial, to confront one's accusers, to present witnesses in one's defense, to remain silent, and to be convicted by proof beyond all reasonable doubt." (Citations omitted.) This crucial understanding appears to underlie the majority's holding that "when a plea rests in any significant degree on a promise or agreement of the prosecutor, so that it can be said to be part of the inducement or consideration, such promise must be fulfilled." Id. at 262, 92 S.Ct. at 499.

In State v. Beckes, 100 Wis.2d 1, 3-4, 300 N.W.2d 871, 872-73 (Ct.App.1980), we said that "plea bargaining must be attended by procedural safeguards to ensure that a defendant is not treated unfairly. Thus, when a defendant pleads guilty to a crime pursuant to a plea agreement and the prosecutor fails to perform his [or her] part of the bargain, the defendant is entitled to relief." (Citation and footnote omitted.)

Defendant argues that the prosecutor qualified her recommendation at sentencing. He contends that her reference to learning of his parole revocation after completion of the plea negotiations and the qualified "but" before "that is our agreement," constituted something less than the recommendation he bargained for.

The state argues that there is no requirement that it make a sentence recommendation "forcefully or enthusiastically." We agree. Plea agreements are usually compromises, and those are often the products of dissatisfied negotiators. Nonetheless, we must determine not whether defendant received more than what he bargained for, but less.

Defendant cites a number of federal cases for the proposition that the government's attorney must express a bargained-for sentencing recommendation with some degree of advocacy. ¹ However, these cases address only the application of Rule 11(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. We do not have that rule or its derivative in Wisconsin.

However, the general reasoning of United States v. Brown, 500 F.2d 375 (4th Cir.1974), has been adopted by the courts of a number of states confronting cases like the one at hand. Brown holds that a halfhearted sentence recommendation--that is, one that is something less than a neutral recitation of the product of the bargain--is a breach of the plea agreement. Id. at 377-78. We look to those cases for guidance.

In Miller v. State, 272 Md. 249, 322 A.2d 527 (1974), the Maryland Court of Appeals said that a prosecutor breached a plea agreement when he commented negatively on a probation officer's recommendation of probation, even though he technically complied with the bargain by advancing no recommendation of his own. Id. at 529. The court found the prosecutor's commentary at variance with his promise of no recommendation, in breach of the agreement. Id.

The Minnesota Supreme Court cited Miller in a similar case which involved a juvenile. State v. Witte, 308 Minn. 214, 245 N.W.2d 438 (1976). There, the prosecutor agreed to make no formal sentence recommendation, and made none. But he did mention the juvenile authority's recommendation of incarceration. Id. at 439. The court found that this constituted the prosecutor's implicit adoption of the authority's recommendation as his own, breaching the plea agreement. Id.

A Maryland court again confronted this issue in Snowden v. State, 33 Md.App. 659, 365 A.2d 321 (1976). There, the prosecutor was asked by the sentencing judge whether the state's relatively lenient sentencing recommendation should be honored and replied, "I believe we must, I believe we must." Id. at 324. The court observed that "Despite the reluctant concession of conformity to the bargain ..., it is apparent that [a lighter sentence] was the last thing [the prosecutor] 'recommended' to the court." Id. The court also said that it does not matter whether the judge would have disregarded the recommendation anyway. "Such judicial adhesive cannot mend the prosecutor's broken promise." Id. at 325.

Two years later, the Washington Court of Appeals in Matter of Palodichuk, 22 Wash.App. 107, 589 P.2d 269 (1978), said that when a prosecutor recommended probation as promised, but did so with reservations, he " '[undercut] the agreement' " and "tainted the sentencing process so that a breach ... did occur." (Citation omitted.) Id. at 271.

In these cases, the evil was not the lack of enthusiastic advocacy for the bargained sentence, but the state's use of qualified or negative language in making the sentence recommendation. These situations are analogous to the one before us, and the reasoning of the various courts is persuasive. A comment which implies reservations about the recommendation "taint[s] the sentencing process" and breaches the agreement. Id.

We conclude that a prosecutor may not render less than a neutral recitation of the terms of the plea agreement. The recommendation in the case at...