State v. Powell

• Decision Date: 03 April 1992
• Docket Number: No. 89-627,89-627
• Citation: 608 A.2d 45,158 Vt. 280
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Peter J. POWELL.

Page 45

608 A.2d 45

158 Vt. 280

STATE of Vermont v. Peter J. POWELL.

No. 89-627.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

April 3, 1992.

Peter R. Neary, Rutland County Deputy State's Atty., Rutland, for plaintiff-appellee.

Robert Katims of Martin & Paolini, Barre, for defendant-appellant.

Before ALLEN, C.J., and GIBSON, DOOLEY, MORSE and JOHNSON, JJ.

GIBSON, Justice.

Defendant Peter Powell appeals his conviction for assault and robbery, 13 V.S.A. § 608(a). He argues that the district court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that, if it had a reasonable doubt on whether he was guilty of assault and robbery or one of its lesser-included offenses, it must find him guilty only of the lesser offense. Defendant also argues that the court erred in its transitional instruction between the greater and lesser offenses. We affirm.

The State charged that defendant committed assault and robbery by stealing money from the victim while threatening him with a knife. Defendant denied the incident. Alternatively, he presented a diminished-capacity defense, arguing he was so impaired at the time that he could not form the requisite criminal intent. This argument was based on defendant's claim that he and the victim had drunk heavily and smoked crack cocaine during the day, and that he had injected himself in private with a mixture of cocaine and heroin. The State conceded that defendant had been drinking, but contested his claim of drug use. The jury found defendant guilty as charged.

I.

Assault and robbery is committed by one who "assaults another and robs, steals, or takes from his person or in his presence money or other property which may be the subject of larceny." 13 V.S.A. § 608(a). The crime consists of the combined elements of assault and larceny. See State v. Francis, 151 Vt. 296, 307, 561 A.2d 392, 398-99 (1989). Thus, in the present case, the State's burden was to prove that defendant intentionally put the victim in fear of imminent, serious bodily injury and intentionally deprived him of money, intending to do so permanently. See id. The court charged that if the State proved that defendant intended only one of these results, he would be guilty of simple assault or petit larceny, but not the more serious combined offense.

Defendant requested the court to instruct the jury as follows:

You are instructed that if the defendant could be convicted of a lesser offense, in case of a reasonable doubt between greater or lesser offenses, you must convict the defendant of the lesser offense only. This is because common principles of humanity and justice create a duty first, to pronounce the defendant innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and, secondly, after the defendant is shown to have committed an unlawful act, to look for every excuse which may reduce the guilt to the lowest point consistent with the facts proven.

The court refused. Instead, it gave the jury a general instruction on the presumption of innocence and the necessity that defendant be convicted only on proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The court explained the elements of assault and robbery and the relevance of defendant's intoxication to his capacity to form criminal intent. It instructed the jury to decide whether the State had met its burden of proof on each element of assault and robbery, and to stop its deliberations if it found defendant guilty. If the jury were to find defendant not guilty of assault and robbery, the court charged, it should then consider the lesser-included offenses. The court explained the elements of simple assault, reiterated defendant's diminished-capacity claim, and told the jury to decide whether the State had met its burden on each element of that offense. The court repeated this procedure in its instruction on petit larceny and reminded the jury not to consider the lesser-included offenses unless it found defendant not guilty of assault and robbery.

Defendant argues these instructions violated State v. Duff, 150 Vt. 329, 554 A.2d 214 (1988). In Duff, this Court reversed the defendant's murder and attempted-murder convictions, finding plain error in the trial court's instruction on the lesser-included offense of voluntary manslaughter. The instruction improperly set out the elements of the offense and omitted defendant's claim of diminished capacity. Id. at 333, 338, 554 A.2d at 216, 219.

The Duff Court also found error in two other aspects of the trial court's instructions, which are material herein. First, the trial court refused to instruct the jury that if it found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of homicide, the crime was presumed to be of the lesser degree, i.e., manslaughter, unless the jury was convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime was committed with malice. This Court rejected the trial court's ruling that there was no presumption between greater and lesser-included offenses, and adopted the following rule:

"If the defendant could be convicted of a lesser offense, the jury should be instructed that, in case of a reasonable doubt between the degrees or offenses, it may convict of the lesser only; a general instruction that the defendant's guilt must be established beyond a reasonable doubt is not sufficient."

Id. at 335, 554 A.2d at 217 (quoting 4 Wharton's Criminal Procedure § 545, at 32 (12th ed. 1976)).

Second, the Duff Court found error in the trial court's transitional charge, which instructed the jury to consider murder and its lesser-included homicide offenses in descending order of severity. The trial court instructed the jury to move on to the lesser offenses only if it had a reasonable doubt as to the elements of the greater. We noted that "[s]uch an instruction in effect mandates the jury to reach a verdict with respect to the offense charged before considering a lesser-included offense," and presents "a serious due process issue" because it may prevent the jury from considering the lesser-included offenses. Id. at 335-36, 554 A.2d at 218. The Court concluded that trial courts should give the "less rigorous" transitional instruction, which allows the jury to move on to lesser-included offenses if it is unable after "all reasonable efforts" to reach a verdict on the greater offense, unless the defendant requests the "more rigorous" charge. Id. at 336, 554 A.2d at 218. The Court noted that each instruction has advantages and disadvantages for the defendant: under the more rigorous charge the jury either will convict of the more serious offense or will find the defendant not guilty of any offense; under the less rigorous charge, the jury is more likely to convict the defendant, but of a lesser offense. Id.

Defendant argues that Duff required the court to give the less rigorous charge unless he requested otherwise. Defendant concedes, however, that he made no objection at trial; thus we need look only for plain error. The Duff Court concluded that use of an improper transitional charge would not in itself constitute plain error. 150 Vt. at 338, 554 A.2d at 219. We see no reason to depart from this holding. Ordinarily, that would dispose of the issue, but because we perceive a need to clarify the holding in Duff, we shall consider defendant's argument on its merits.

In Duff, we concluded that a trial court should give the less rigorous transitional charge unless the defendant requests the more rigorous charge. The Duff Court relied on the rule set...