State v. Richards, 86-384

• Decision Date: 17 August 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-384,86-384
• Citation: 129 N.H. 669,531 A.2d 338
• Parties: The STATE of New Hampshire v. Steven RICHARDS.
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court

Page 338

531 A.2d 338

129 N.H. 669

The STATE of New Hampshire v. Steven RICHARDS.

No. 86-384.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

Aug. 17, 1987.

Stephen E. Merrill, Atty. Gen. (Barbara R. Keshen, Asst. Atty. Gen., on the brief, and Robert B. Muh, Asst. Atty. Gen., orally), for the State.

Kinghorn, Maynard, Craighead & Dionne P.A., Nashua (Rodkey Craighead, Jr., on the brief and orally), for defendant.

PER CURIAM.

In this case, we reverse the defendant's conviction of dispensing a narcotic drug in violation of RSA 318-B:2. The trial court's failure to investigate the validity of the fifth amendment claim of privilege asserted by the defendant's sole witness violated the defendant's right to a fair trial under the New Hampshire Constitution.

On January 18, 1985, James Brackett, Stephen Doyle, and Robert Grondin entered an apartment at 281 Central Street in Manchester occupied by Donna Dearborn and the defendant, Steven Richards. At the time, Brackett was a Nashua police detective sergeant working as an undercover investigator of the unlawful trafficking of drugs in the Manchester-Nashua area. He was associated with Doyle, who was also a Nashua police detective sergeant working undercover. Grondin, who was known to the occupants of the apartment, was an informant who took the officers to the Dearborn apartment to purchase cocaine.

In due course, Richards was indicted for the offense of dispensing 0.49 grams of cocaine to Donna Dearborn:

"[W]ithout being authorized to do so[,] under New Hampshire revised Statutes Annotated, Chapter 318-B, did purposely dispense a narcotic drug as defined by said statute, to wit: cocaine, to Donna Dearborn at 281 Central Street, Manchester, New Hampshire"

The indictment was based upon the observations of the officers that, while all parties were in the kitchen of the apartment, Richards absented himself briefly and returned with two small packets which he placed on the kitchen table. The contents of the packets were later proven to be cocaine. Dearborn handed the packets to Sergeant Brackett and received $50 from him. Dearborn was indicted for the offense of selling a narcotic drug (the two packets in question) to James Brackett. She pleaded guilty to the indictment on March 10, 1986, and was sentenced on the same day. Richards pleaded not guilty to the indictment charging him with the offense, was tried by jury in the Superior Court (Wyman, J.) on July 9, 1986, was found guilty, and appealed his conviction.

The appeal is grounded upon three claims of trial court error, each of which was preserved for review and is set forth in the defendant's brief as follows:

"I. Whether the trial Court erred by sustaining the Fifth Amendment privilege of the individual to whom the defendant had allegedly dispensed cocaine where the Court did not investigate the validity of the claim of privilege in light of the specific questions to be asked, and further did not consider the possibility of granting use immunity to the witness."

"II. Whether the trial Court erred by refusing to admit into evidence the prior written statement of an unavailable witness, where the statement was at the time of its making against the penal interest of the defendant."

"III. Whether the trial Court erred by instructing the jury to refrain from exercising its nullification prerogative."

For the reasons which follow, we reverse the conviction.

Presumably, in the expectation that Dearborn would provide exculpatory evidence on his behalf, the defendant called her as his sole witness at trial. She claimed constitutional protection from being compelled to give testimony that could incriminate her. She refused to state her name or give further evidence. The court dismissed the witness following a brief colloquy which provides the background for this aspect of the appeal, and is, therefore, extensively quoted.

"DIRECT EXAMINATION: (By Mr. Craighead.)

Q. What is your name?

A. I refuse to give my name because I want to plead the 5th. I don't want to incriminate myself.

THE COURT: May I inquire whether you would give the same answer to any other question?

THE WITNESS: Yes.

THE COURT: You're excused.

................................................................................

* * *

MR. CRAIGHEAD: At this time I again invite the Court's attention to Part 1, Article 15 of the New Hampshire Constitution which gives the defendant the right to require all proofs favorable to him. I also invite the Court's attention to the 6th Amendment to the Constitution which in pertinent part gives a criminal defendant the right to due process for obtaining witnesses. I have earlier today represented that you need to make a determination of whether a witness' refusal to answer is justifiable under the privilege. I have to ask her specific questions and you have to see and determine from the circumstances whether or not there is a reasonable ground to apprehend danger.

................................................................................

* * *

THE COURT: Now let's get this understood. This Court has ruled and this Court for many, many years was in the Congress of the United States and has served as counsel to committees from 50 years ago that if a witness answers one question under the 5th amendment and waives it, they waive their privilege and must answer all questions. I'm not going to order this witness to answer a question or rule that she has waived her right not to incriminate herself. The State has indicated here that if this witness answers in a way that permits the State to prosecute her for an additional offense, it intends to do so. Your objection is overruled. That's all."

In so ruling, the trial court ran afoul of this court's holding in State v. Bell, 112 N.H. 444, 298 A.2d 753 (1972), where Chief Justice Kenison wrote the following language which provides the fulcrum upon which assertions of the privilege contained in the fifth amendment of the United States Constitution and in article 15 of part I of the New Hampshire Constitution are balanced:

"It is often said that the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution and article 15, part I of the New Hampshire constitution is an option for the witness to refuse to answer each particular question as it is propounded, and not a prohibition of all further inquiry by the examiner. The rationale underlying this rule rests upon the fact that the privilege is a limited one, protecting the witness from responding to questions only if the answers would in fact have a tendency to subject him to prosecution. The court must necessarily make the final determination of whether a truthful and complete response might be incriminating ... and in most cases the court will be unable to give reasoned consideration to the privilege claim until the witness' refusal to answer a particular question is viewed in the light of all of the circumstances of the particular case."

112 N.H. at 447, 298 A.2d at 756. (Citations omitted.)

This is a point which need not be labored further except to observe that Justice Kenison traced his analysis to both an early decision of this court, Janvrin v. Scammon, 29 N.H. 280 (1854), as well as a more recent decision of the United States Supreme Court, Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 84 S.Ct. 1489, 12 L.Ed.2d 653 (1964). The privilege against self-incrimination as set forth in the State and National Constitutions may not be applied by the court to create an all-inclusive immunization from giving testimony. Instead, it must be weighed against the defendant's right under part 1, article 15 of the New Hampshire Constitution " 'to produce all proofs that may be favorable to himself.' " State v. Lavallee, 119 N.H. 207, 210, 400 A.2d 480, 482 (1979). This balance is to be determined in accordance with the standards set forth in Malloy v. Hogan, supra 378 U.S. at 11-12, 84 S.Ct. at 1495-96. Id.; see also State v. Wheeler, 128 N.H. 767, 770-71, 519 A.2d 289, 291 (1986). Because we find that the trial court erred in its application of the law governing...