State v. Scott, 75684
Decision Date | 07 November 1997 |
Docket Number | No. 75684,75684 |
Citation | 24 Kan.App.2d 480,947 P.2d 466 |
Parties | STATE of Kansas, Appellee, v. Clifford A. SCOTT, Appellant. |
Court | Kansas Court of Appeals |
Syllabus by the Court
1. The defense of double jeopardy is waived by a plea of no contest entered pursuant to plea negotiations.
2. The registration requirement under the Kansas Sex Offender Registration Act (KSORA), K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights.
3. Under the facts of this case, unrestricted public access to the registration information required by the KSORA is grossly disproportionate to the crime committed and violative of § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights.
Edward G. Collister, Jr., Special Appellate Defender, Rick Kittel, Assistant Appellate Defender, and Jessica R. Kunen, Chief Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Nancy Siples Brumbeloe, Assistant District Attorney, Joan M. Hamilton, District Attorney, and Carla J. Stovall, Attorney General, for appellee.
Kelly A. Feyh, Assistant Attorney General, for amicus curiae Kansas Attorney General.
Before GERNON, P.J., KNUDSON, J., and VAN HAMPTON, District Judge, assigned.
Clifford A. Scott appeals from the district court's sentencing order that he register as a sex offender under the Kansas Sex Offender Registration Act (KSORA), K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq. Scott contends that the Act is violative of double jeopardy and, as applied to him, constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
The underlying facts are not fully developed in the record because Scott ultimately entered a plea of no contest to a reduced charge. Nevertheless, some sense as to what occurred can be fleshed out from the probable cause affidavit, the victim's testimony, and the statements made by Scott to the presentence investigator. It appears Scott and the victim, J.R., were friends. Scott came to J.R.'s home and the two of them drank beer and watched television. At some point, J.R. went into her bedroom to sleep, with Scott remaining in the living room. Later, Scott came into J.R.'s bedroom and sexually assaulted her. It is not clear how the assault ended. We do know J.R. received several rib fractures as a result and the police were summoned.
Scott was charged with one count of aggravated sexual battery, a level 5 person felony, in violation of K.S.A. 21-3518(a)(1), and one count of aggravated battery, a level 7 person felony, in violation of K.S.A. 21-3414(a)(1)(C). Pursuant to a plea agreement, Scott pled no contest to attempted aggravated sexual battery, a severity level 7 felony. K.S.A. 21-3301(c); K.S.A. 21-3518(a)(1). His criminal history of three nonperson misdemeanors and one person misdemeanor placed him in category H under the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act, providing for a presumptive sentencing range of 14-13-12 with probation for 24 months. K.S.A. 21-4704. The district court imposed a presumptive sentence of 14 months with probation for 24 months. The district court also ordered Scott to register under the KSORA.
At sentencing, Scott maintained that the KSORA was punitive in nature, that the public access provision constituted cruel or unusual punishment, that the KSORA violated his procedural due process rights, and that K.S.A. 22-4908 was vague because the term "rehabilitated" was not defined. On appeal, Scott raises the issues of whether the continuing obligation of registration under K.S.A. 22-4904, together with the potential for public disclosure under K.S.A. 22-4909, is violative of the prohibition against: (1) double jeopardy under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, or (2) cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights.
In her amicus curiae brief, the Attorney General of Kansas contends Scott's double jeopardy claim is not properly before this court because it is being raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Myers, 260 Kan. 669, 701, 923 P.2d 1024 (1996), cert. denied --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 2508, 138 L.Ed.2d 1012 (1997).
Scott acknowledges this issue was not presented to the district court, but raises several arguments in support of appellate review. Scott contends that if double jeopardy does preclude repeated registration and public disclosure of registration information, the district court would be without subject matter jurisdiction to impose such measures. Scott correctly notes an objection to subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time. See Sunflower Racing, Inc. v. Board of Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 256 Kan. 426, Syl. p 4, 885 P.2d 1233 (1994). Scott then proceeds to argue that if the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, the sentence imposed would be illegal. He then notes an illegal sentence may be corrected by an appellate court at any time, citing in support K.S.A. 22-3504 and State v. Scherzer, 254 Kan. 926, Syl. p 1, 869 P.2d 729 (1994). These arguments do not have merit. The district court clearly had subject matter jurisdiction.
Scott's most persuasive argument is that an issue may be raised for the first time on appeal when consideration is necessary to prevent a denial of fundamental rights. See State v. Cady, 254 Kan. 393, 398, 867 P.2d 270 (1994). We find this argument unpersuasive. Scott's plea of no contest was entered pursuant to plea negotiations. The district court, prior to accepting Scott's plea, specifically asked him if he was aware of the obligation to register under the KSORA and whether that would make any difference in entering his plea of no contest. Scott responded that he understood and it made no difference. This is strong evidence of a voluntary waiver of the defense of double jeopardy that Scott now asks this court to address. In Cox v. State, 197 Kan. 395, 402, 416 P.2d 741 (1966), the Supreme Court noted that the defense of double jeopardy may be waived by a guilty plea. We believe there is a strong probability the same reasoning is applicable to Scott's no contest plea entered only after the district court made certain Scott was aware of the obligation to register under the KSORA. Consequently, we conclude the double jeopardy issue will not be given further consideration in this appeal.
We now turn to the difficult issue of whether the public disclosure provision of the KSORA as applied to Scott constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution or § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. The issue is difficult because we are required to decide if legislation that is clear and unambiguous must be nullified. Understandably, under our standard of review, we must give careful deference to the doctrine of separation of powers. It is the function of the legislature to decide public policy, not this court.
The constitutionality of a statute is presumed, and all doubts must be resolved in favor of its validity. Before an act may be stricken down, it must clearly appear that the statute violates the constitution. It is the court's duty to uphold a statute under attack rather than defeat it. If there is any reasonable way to construe the statute as constitutionally valid, that should be done. A statute should not be stricken down unless the infringement of the superior law is clear beyond substantial doubt. State v. Myers, 260 Kan. 669, Syl. p 4, 923 P.2d 1024.
In Myers, the Kansas Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the registration requirement in the KSORA under an ex post facto analysis, but did not decide the cruel and unusual punishment issue. 260 Kan. at 700-01, 923 P.2d 1024. However, the court went on to hold:
(Emphasis added.) 260 Kan. at 701-02, 923 P.2d 1024.
The above language from Myers leaves no doubt that the disclosure provision of K.S.A. 22-4909 constitutes punishment.
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punishments. The clause forbids cruel methods of punishment that are not regularly or customarily employed. See Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 978-79, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 2692-93, 115 L.Ed.2d 836 (1991).
The Kansas Constitution provides in § 9 of the Bill of Rights that cruel or unusual punishment may not be inflicted. This prohibition includes both methods of punishment which are inhuman and barbarous and disproportionate sentences which shock the conscience. Beard v. Maynard, 223 Kan. 631, 634, 576 P.2d 611 (1978). This breadth of concern under § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights that includes a concern for the proportionality of a sentence may arguably be broader than under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. at 980-81, 111 S.Ct. at 2693-94; and State v. Weigel, 228 Kan. 194, 203, 612 P.2d 636 (1980).
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