State v. Silva

• Decision Date: 31 December 1991
• Citation: 252 N.J.Super. 622,600 A.2d 506
• Parties: STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Jose SILVA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

Page 622

252 N.J.Super. 622

600 A.2d 506

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Jose SILVA, Defendant-Appellant.

Superior Court of New Jersey,

Appellate Division.

Argued Dec. 9, 1991.

Decided Dec. 31, 1991.

Timothy A. Shafer, Newark, for defendant-appellant (Wilfredo Caraballo, Public Defender, Trenton, Bruce A. Levy, Designated Counsel, Newark, of counsel and on the brief).

Tanya Y. Justice, Deputy Atty. Gen., for plaintiff-respondent (Robert J. Del Tufo, Atty. Gen., Tanya Y. Justice of counsel and on the brief).

Before Judges R.S. COHEN, ASHBEY and A.M. STEIN.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

R.S. COHEN, J.A.D.

Defendant Jose Silva was indicted on two counts charging armed robbery, two counts of possession of a weapon with intent to use it unlawfully, and one count of possession of a weapon without a permit. The trial judge dismissed the last count, and the jury found defendant guilty on the other four. Defendant was sentenced for the armed robberies to concurrent custodial terms of fifteen years, with seven-year mandatory minimums, and for the weapons possession counts to two seven-year custodial terms with three-year mandatory minimums, concurrent with each other and with the armed robbery sentences.

On his appeal, defendant makes the following arguments:

I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING THE STATE TO CHALLENGE DEFENDANT'S ALIBI WITNESS ON THE BASIS OF PRETRIAL SILENCE.

A. The Court Erred in Permitting the State to Infer Recent Fabrication Based on the Alibi Witness's Pretrial Silence.

B. The Trial Court Erred in Failing to Instruct the Jury that the Defendant's Alibi Witness Had No Duty or Obligations to Come Forward With Exculpatory Information (Not Raised Below).

II. DETECTIVE JENKINS' TESTIMONY DENIED THE DEFENDANT A FAIR TRIAL.

A. The Trial Court Erred in Permitting Detective Jenkins to Testify on the Issue of Defendant's Appearance at the Time of Arrest.

B. The Trial Court Erred in Denying Defendant's Motion For a Mistrial.

C. Detective Jenkins' Hearsay Testimony Impermissibly Bolstered the Victim's Testimony (Not Raised Below).

III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRONEOUSLY ISSUED CONCURRENT SENTENCES ON COUNTS THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN MERGED.

IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SENTENCING THE DEFENDANT.

V. THE PROSECUTOR'S CLOSING REMARKS WERE PREJUDICIAL AND CONSTITUTE REVERSIBLE ERROR.

A. During Summation the Prosecutor Improperly Bolstered the Credibility of Detective Jenkins.

B. The Prosecutor's Comments on the Paucity of Evidence in the State's Case Were Unfairly Suggestive and Prejudicial.

With the exception of Point I, we conclude that defendant's arguments are all clearly without merit. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). Point I, however, requires reversal of the convictions and a remand for retrial.

Defendant and his sister both testified that, on the evening in question, they were together with the sister's husband, first at home and later out to dinner. In cross-examination of the sister, the State established that she had never come forward to the police or the prosecutor's office to support defendant's innocence by revealing that she was with defendant at the relevant time. In summation, the State argued that the jury should consider that the sister did not come in to tell the police her story. Defendant asked the judge to charge the jury that the sister had no obligation to go to the police with her information. The judge agreed to so charge, but failed to do so. The defense did not call the omission to his attention.

Defendant argues that it is improper to discredit an alibi witness for failure to come forward to the authorities with exculpatory information, and that it is certainly improper to discredit an alibi witness for failure to volunteer exculpatory information after defendant files an alibi notice containing the witness's name and address. ¹ Here defendant filed a notice of alibi close to five months after his arrest, and close to one year before trial.

Defendant's argument encounters State v. Plowden, 126 N.J.Super. 228, 313 A.2d 802 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 504, 317 A.2d 717 (1974). Defendant there unsuccessfully argued the same position taken by defendant here, except that no alibi notice was involved in Plowden. In that case, defendant's sister, an alibi witness, was questioned over objection about her failure to go to the police with her story. Defendant argued that she was under no obligation to do so. The Appellate Division said:

We disagree. Mrs. Johnson's failure to tell the police soon after her brother's arrest that he had been with her when the murder for which he was arrested had been committed was inconsistent with what one could reasonably expect she would have done had defendant been in her apartment when the shootings occurred. [126 N.J.Super. at 230, 313 A.2d 802].

The gist of Plowden is that a person with truthful alibi evidence would naturally go to the authorities with it. Failure to do so thus throws doubt on the witness's alibi testimony.

The contrary argument is that it is not reasonable to expect every truthful alibi witness to run to the police. She may have been advised not to do so by counsel. Based on her own experience or stories circulating in her community, she may distrust the police, or expect them not to take her story seriously. She may not have been aware of the criminal charges or their gravity. She may not have appreciated the exculpatory nature of her information, or may not have been familiar with the means to make it available to law enforcement authorities.

An alibi witness's reasons not to go to the police may not be readily understood by many jurors. They may not think that telling the lawyer is as worthy as telling the police. They may not be sympathetic to the distrust of some law-abiding people of officialdom generally, or of law enforcement in particular. The problem is whether jurors are equipped to evaluate how much a witness's failure to go to the police should count against her credibility.

One approach to the problem is represented by State v. Plowden, supra. It is based on the belief that an alibi witness's silence is "inconsistent with what one could reasonably expect" from someone with truthful information that clears a family member. State v. Plowden, 126 N.J.Super. at 230, 313 A.2d 802. The Plowden rule is also represented by Salisbury v. State, 222 Ga. 549, 150 S.E.2d 819 (1966), and People v. Ortiz, 207 Ill.App.3d 1, 151 Ill.Dec. 957, 962, 565 N.E.2d 228, 233 (1990). Treating the matter as discretionary, without stating the standards for the exercise of discretion, are State v. Lankford, 31 N.C.App. 13, 228 S.E.2d 641 (1976); State v. Windhorst, 635 S.W.2d 706 (Tenn.Crim.App.1982); Holtzclaw v. State, 451 S.W.2d 505 (Tex.Crim.App.1970). See also McLemore v. State, 87 Wis.2d 739, 275 N.W.2d 692 (1979). Under the Plowden rule, the witness presumably has the opportunity to explain her silence in an effort to avoid or minimize its negative impact. The shortcoming of the Plowden rule is that it affords no focused means of excluding cases in which a witness's pretrial silence should not fairly discredit her, because there are valid reasons not readily apparent to jurors.

Another approach would be to outlaw all cross-examination and summation discrediting the initially silent alibi witness. That would be an Evid. R. 4 decision based on the belief that the relevance of the witness's initial silence is substantially outweighed by its capacity to mislead or distract the jury. We know of no jurisdiction that has adopted this solution. ² Its weakness is that it bars jury consideration of those cases in which pretrial silence is truly and legitimately significant.

We choose a third approach, one pioneered by Massachusetts and New York, and adopted in Michigan as well. It is to permit cross-examination of alibi witnesses about their pretrial silence, but only after the State demonstrates the existence of circumstances that legitimate the inquiry. Thus, the New York Court of Appeals requires the State to

lay a "proper foundation" for this type of cross-examination by first demonstrating that the witness was aware of the nature of the charges pending against the defendant, had reason to recognize that he possessed exculpatory information, had a reasonable motive for acting to exonerate the defendant and, finally, was familiar with the means to make such information available to law enforcement authorities.

People v. Dawson, 50 N.Y.2d 311, 321 n. 4, 406 N.E.2d 771, 777, 428 N.Y.S.2d 914, 921 (1980). There may, the Court said, be explanations for the witness's prior silence, such as mistrust of officialdom, or a sense of the futility of the effort. The existence of such possible explanations would not justify per se exclusion, because jurors can be expected to discern and evaluate the explanations made by the witness in response to the cross-examination or redirect examination. Id. at 321-22, 406 N.E.2d at 777-78, 428 N.Y.S.2d at 921. The determination of whether the prosecution has laid the "proper foundation" is a matter for the trial judge's discretion. If the questions are allowed, the judge should, on request, instruct the jurors that the witness had no civic or moral obligation to come forward and volunteer exculpatory information to law enforcement authorities, and that they may consider the witness's prior silence only insofar as it casts doubt on the witness's testimony by reason of its apparent inconsistency. Id. at 322-23, 406 N.E.2d at 778, 428 N.Y.S.2d at 922. Finally, the Dawson court ruled that such cross-examination would be improper if the witness's silence resulted from the advice of defense counsel. Id. Three of the seven judges of the Court of Appeals joined in a concurring opinion to emphasize the dangers of the disputed cross-examination, and the need to carefully observe the restrictions set by the majority opinion.

Massachusetts follows the same rule. In Commonwealth v. Gregory, ...