State v. Staples

• Decision Date: 05 May 1980
• Docket Number: No. 79-126,79-126
• Citation: 415 A.2d 320,120 N.H. 278
• Parties: The STATE of New Hampshire v. John F. STAPLES.
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court

Page 320

415 A.2d 320

120 N.H. 278

The STATE of New Hampshire v.John F. STAPLES.

No. 79-126.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

May 5, 1980.

Thomas D. Rath, Atty. Gen., and John C. Boeckeler, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Peter W. Mosseau, Concord, orally), for the State.

Thomas M. Pancoast, Littleton, by brief and orally, for the defendant.

BROCK, Justice.

The defendant was tried before a jury and convicted of aggravated felonious sexual assault, RSA 632-A:2 (Supp.1979).During the trial, the defendant objected to the admission of certain opinion testimony and to the admission of evidence concerning defendant's prior convictions.Both objections were overruled and the defendant seasonably excepted.

Only questions of law concerning the admissibility of the opinion evidence were initially reserved and transferred to this court by the Trial Court(Johnson, J.).Prior to oral argument on appeal, the defendant's new attorney learned that during the trial, the trial justice had discussed with counsel, in chambers and off the record, the admissibility of certain prior convictions and had ruled them admissible.As a result, defendant's attorney moved to amend the transferred case.The motion was granted and a supplementary reserved case was transferred to this court on the questions of law raised by the exception to the admissibility of defendant's prior convictions.

On the night of September 9, 1976, and during the early morning hours of September 10, the prosecutrix was held and repeatedly raped by two individuals.After the men released her, she reported the rape to the police, made a statement, and was then transported to a hospital and examined by Dr. Imrie.The record before us does not disclose the contents of the prosecutrix's statement to the police.

At trial eight months later, the prosecutrix's memory of the events leading up to the rape was poor.In fact, she had no independent recollection of her activities during the several hours immediately preceding the rapes.Her recollection of the rapes, however, was vividly detailed in her testimony at the trial.On cross-examination the defendant's attorney inquired at length into the prosecutrix's inability to recall her activities prior to the time she was raped, and he used her written statement to suggest that she had, on the morning following the rape, recalled her activities.Defendant's counsel emphasized that she had been drinking earlier in the evening.During cross-examination, the prosecutrix stated that her memory loss was "probably (due to) drinking."

Following the prosecutrix's testimony, the State called Dr. Imrie who had examined her following the rape.His qualifications as an expert witness were stipulated to by the defendant insofar as the expertise related to the physical examination of the prosecutrix.

During the State's direct examination, Dr. Imrie testified that memory loss was not unusual in the case of rape victims.In rebutting the implication that drunkenness caused the memory loss, the doctor stated, "When I examined (the prosecutrix)she was sober and . . . I do not think it at all unreasonable to conclude that she did, in fact, have a mental block as to the occurrences of the previous night."

The first issue before this court is whether the trial court abused its discretion by permitting a general practitioner to testify about the prosecutrix's memory loss.The defendant asserts that the doctor should not have been permitted to testify about the prosecutrix's memory loss because the doctor lacked proper experience and training and because his testimony confused and misled the jury.

Opinion evidence is admissible if the court finds that the expert is qualified to give an opinion on the issue raised and that it will aid the jury.Wrobleski v. Constellation Corp., 118 N.H. 532, 533, 388 A.2d 944, 945(1978);Gauthier v. Bergeron, 107 N.H. 153, 154, 218 A.2d 433, 434(1966);Dowling v. L.H. Shattuck, Inc., 91 N.H. 234, 236, 17 A.2d 529, 532(1941).The trial court has broad discretion to admit such testimony.Wrobleski v. Constellation Corp., supra118 N.H. at 533, 388 A.2d at 945;Danos v. Manchester Coal & Ice Co., 94 N.H. 200, 49 A.2d 926(1946).

The record discloses that Dr. Imrie had been a physician for over twenty years and had examined several rape victims who had exhibited similar memory loss.In addition, he had recently attended a course covering psychological problems of rape victims.In light of the doctor's experience and training, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion in finding the doctor qualified to testify on such matters.SeeWrobleski v. Constellation Corp., supra;Jackson v. Emile J. Legere, Inc., 110 N.H. 252, 265 A.2d 18(1970);3 C. Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Evidence§ 589 (13th ed. 1973).Moreover, because the doctor's testimony served to rebut the defendant's contention that the prosecutrix's memory loss was due to intoxication, the evidence was admissible to aid the factfinder in determining the truth.SeeWrobleski v. Constellation Corp., supra118 N.H. at 533, 388 A.2d at 945.

Defendant next argues that Dr. Imrie improperly gave an opinion about the prosecutrix's credibility when he noted that it was not "unreasonable to conclude that she did, in fact, have a mental block as to the occurrence of the previous night."Defendant contends that this testimony bolsters the prosecutrix's allegation that she was raped because it ascribed her memory loss to trauma rather than intoxication.Although the doctor's opinion corroborates the prosecutrix's testimony that she was raped, the doctor's testimony did not express an opinion whether the witness should be believed; rather, the doctor concluded from an examination of the victim within several hours of the rape and from his own experience with such victims, that one could reasonably find that her loss of memory was due to trauma rather than intoxication.Following defendant's logic, opinion evidence would be excluded whenever it corroborated a witness's testimony.We reject that reasoning.

Defendant also argues that the doctor was improperly permitted to testify as to another cause of the memory loss.Logically, this implies that a lay witness is better qualified to diagnose the cause of his physical and psychological symptoms and, therefore, forecloses expert testimony on that point.We also reject that argument.

The next issue before this court is whether the trial court correctly ruled that the defendant's credibility could be impeached by the use of prior convictions.Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting the State to introduce this evidence because the convictions were irrelevant to the alleged rape and too remote in time.It is well established in this State that evidence of a defendant's prior convictions may be admitted in the discretion of the trial court when the defendant has testified and the State seeks to impeach his credibility.State v. Kelley, 120 N.H. ---, 413 A.2d 300(1980).

Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting the State to introduce evidence of the defendant's prior offenses because none of them had any relevance to the alleged rape.Relevance for impeachment purposes, however, does not turn on a nexus between prior convictions and the alleged crime, but upon the ability and willingness of a witness to tell the truth.When a witness voluntarily testifies, as did the defendant here, he asks the jury to believe him.The jury should be informed about the sort of person asking them to take his word.State v. Kelley, supra;State v. Cote, 108 N.H. 290, 296, 235 A.2d 111, 115(1967)cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1025, 88 S.Ct. 1412, 20 L.Ed.2d 282(1968)."Lack of trustworthiness may be evinced by his abiding and repeated contempt for laws which he is legally and morally bound to obey . . . though the violations are not concerned solely with crimes involving 'dishonesty and false statement.' "State v. Duke, 100 N.H. 292, 293-94, 123 A.2d 745, 746(1956);State v. Cote, supra108 N.H. at 296, 235 A.2d at 115.The fact that the defendant in this case had been convicted of making false official statements, of breaking and entering, and of larceny bears on his veracity and honesty and is therefore relevant.

Defendant also argues that the convictions were so remote in time that their probative value was outweighed by their prejudicial effect on the jury.The determination of remoteness is within the sound discretion of the trial court.State v. Cotesupra;State v. Dukesupra.The trial court should consider the fact that "prior convictions have an inherent prejudicial effect and are admitted to impeach the defendant's credibility only because the possibility of prejudice resulting from their introduction in evidence is thought to be outweighed by the legitimate purpose served by it."State v. Cote, supra108 N.H. at 297, 235 A.2d at 116.

Mr. Staples was questioned about convictions in 1964...