State v. Sterling

Decision Date23 April 1979
Docket NumberNo. 5216-I,5216-I
Citation596 P.2d 1082,23 Wn.App. 171
PartiesSTATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Walter Lee STERLING, a/k/a Maurice Rice, Appellant.
CourtWashington Court of Appeals

Jack J. Ackerman, (court appointed), Seattle, for appellant.

Norm K. Maleng, King County Pros. Atty., Phillip Y. Killien, Deputy Pros. Atty., Seattle, for respondent.

CALLOW, Chief Judge.

The defendant, Walter Lee Sterling, also known as Maurice Rice, was charged with two counts of delivering lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and one count of possessing amphetamine, all in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. A jury found the defendant guilty of all counts and the court set sentencing for August 16, 1972. The defendant failed to appear for sentencing and a bench warrant was issued on August 18, 1972, for his arrest.

In May of 1974, the defendant was arrested in California and imprisoned there on a 1969 parole violation. A teletype message was sent from California to the sheriff's office in Seattle on July 1, 1974. This message, referring to Walter Lee Sterling, read in part: "SUBJ NOW IN OUR CUSTODY TO COMPLETE STATE PRISON TERM. DO YOU WISH TO PLACE YOUR HOLD? SUBJ WANTS TO MAKE A DEMAND FOR TRIAL ON YOUR CHARGE." The return message to the California authorities merely noted that the matter had been turned over to a deputy prosecutor "FOR EXTRADITION CONSIDERATION. HE WILL REPLY BY MAIL." The record is silent as to whether any action was taken by the deputy prosecutor or by the defendant relative to extradition and sentencing.

The defendant was placed on parole by the California authorities in April of 1975, and he was discharged in June of 1976. On August 25, 1976, the defendant was arrested in Washington under the 1972 bench warrant; he was booked into the King County jail. Appointed counsel moved to dismiss the charges on September 21, 1976. On October 13, 1976, the court denied the motion to dismiss, requested the preparation of a presentence report, and set a date for sentencing. On November 16, 1976, the defendant was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment on each of the three counts, the sentences to run concurrently.

The defendant now appeals from the denial of his motion to dismiss.

The issues raised by this appeal are: (1) Is sentencing a part of the trial for purposes of the Sixth Amendment speedy trial rule? (2) Was there a violation of the defendant's rights?

In Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 87 S.Ct. 988, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 (1967), it was held that the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial applied to the states under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This right is also guaranteed by article 1, section 22 of the Washington State Constitution. Where the right to a speedy trial has been found to exist, it has been held as a necessary corollary that the affirmative burden is on the state, not on the defendant, to see that a trial is held with reasonable dispatch. Dickey v. Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct. 1564, 26 L.Ed.2d 26 (1970); State v. Breaux, 20 Wash.App. 41, 44, 578 P.2d 888 (1978). This duty includes the requirement that the State make a timely demand for extradition if the accused is being held in another jurisdiction. See, e. g., Chauncey v. Second Judicial Dist. Ct., 474 F.2d 1238 (9th Cir.1973); Cf. State v. Hattori, 19 Wash.App. 74, 77, 573 P.2d 829 (1978). The parameters of the State's constitutional obligation to extradite for trial are defined and determined by the same considerations involved in ascertaining whether the defendant has been denied a speedy trial. However, it should be recognized that in those cases where the duty to extradite has been found or assumed to exist, the facts typically involved pending Charges in the first jurisdiction against an Accused defendant. See, e. g., Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 94 S.Ct. 188, 38 L.Ed.2d 183 (1973); Dickey v. Florida, supra; Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 89 S.Ct. 575, 21 L.Ed.2d 607 (1969); United States v. McConahy, 505 F.2d 770 (7th Cir.1974); Chauncey v. Second Judicial Dist. Ct., supra. But see Brooks v. United States, 423 F.2d 1149 (8th Cir.), Cert. denied, 400 U.S. 872, 91 S.Ct. 109, 27 L.Ed.2d 111 (1970). The issue therefore becomes whether the right to a speedy trial attaches to the sentencing phase of a trial, thereby necessitating reasonable efforts by the State to extradite the convicted defendant.

In Pollard v. United States, 352 U.S. 354, 361, 77 S.Ct. 481, 1 L.Ed.2d 393 (1957), it was assumed that sentencing is a part of the trial process for purposes of the Sixth Amendment speedy trial rule. The Pollard court found no constitutional infringement because there was no evidence of "purposeful or oppressive" delay on the State's part and because the sentencing error was promptly remedied upon its discovery. 1 See also United States v. Reese, 568 F.2d 1246 (6th Cir.1977); United States v. Campbell, 531 F.2d 1333, 1335 (5th Cir.1976), Cert. denied, 434 U.S. 851, 98 S.Ct. 164, 54 L.Ed.2d 120 (1977); Brady v. Superintendent, Anne Arundel Cty. Det. Center, 443 F.2d 1307, 1310 (4th Cir.1971); Brooks v. United States, supra at 1151; Whaley v. United States, 394 F.2d 399, 401 (10th Cir.1968); United States v. Tortorello, 391 F.2d 587 (2d Cir.1968); Erbe v. State, 25 Md.App. 375, 336 A.2d 129, 133-34 (1975), Aff'd, 276 Md. 541, 350 A.2d 640 (1976).

We conclude that under the circumstances here there does not exist a delay of sufficient length, caused by the State, between trial and sentence to amount to a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. As stated in United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 120, 86 S.Ct. 773, 776, 15 L.Ed.2d 627 (1966), the interests to be protected by the speedy trial rule are:

(1) to prevent undue and oppressive incarceration prior to trial, (2) to minimize anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation and (3) to limit the possibilities that long delay will impair the ability of an accused to defend himself.

See also Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 532, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972); Smith v. Hooey, supra 393 U.S. at 378, 89 S.Ct. 575. However, the interests enumerated do not remain paramount when criminal proceedings have reached the sentencing stage. As observed in Barker v. Wingo, supra 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. 2182, referring to the United States v. Ewell criteria:

Of these (interests), the most serious is the last, because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.

Thus, once the guilt of a defendant has been determined, it is appropriate to apply a standard of reasonableness to the timeliness of sentencing rather than the standards that have evolved under the speedy trial rule. 2 The convicted defendant may be anxious, but it is no longer an anxiety resulting from public accusation, but apprehension of punishment. See Brooks v. United States, supra at 1152-53; United States v. James, 459 F.2d 443, 444 (5th Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 872, 93 S.Ct. 202, 34 L.Ed.2d 123 (1972).

The defendant asserts that his rights were violated. We hold that the delay in the sentencing of the defendant was not a violation of his right to a speedy trial, but we will examine his claim as if it were. Barker v. Wingo, supra, adopted a balancing test to evaluate whether the right of a defendant has been violated wherein the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are weighed. As therein stated: "(L)ength of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant" are but "some factors which courts should assess." Barker v. Wingo, supra 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. The trial court's decision that Walter Sterling was not denied a speedy trial is justified when these factors are balanced.

A. Length of Delay.

The defendant was unavailable to the Washington authorities prior to May of 1974, this being the first time since Sterling's escape that notice of his whereabouts was received in Washington. More than 2 years elapsed between the notice and the defendant's subsequent arrest in Washington. Unless this 2-year delay "is presumptively prejudicial, there is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance." Barker v. Wingo, supra 407 U.S. at 530-31, 92 S.Ct. at 2192.

A delay of 2 years between verdict and sentencing must be considered presumptively prejudicial if the concepts behind the speedy trial rule are to be realized, but this does not mean that prejudice has been shown. The length of the delay should play only a part in the balancing process when the defendant has been convicted. This is so since "(a) presumptive prejudice from an inordinate delay in bringing a man to trial does not present the same question as prejudice after conviction because the concerns of defendants in such positions are so entirely different." Erbe v. State, supra 350 A.2d at 645. In Erbe a 5-year delay was held to be insufficient to vacate the sentence imposed.

B. Reasons for Delay.

The record indicates no bad faith on the State's part. The State was apparently negligent in the handling of its response to the California officials' inquiry, but such nonfeasance weighs less heavily against the State than purposefulness. Barker v. Wingo, supra 707 U.S. at 645, 92 S.Ct. 2182. As such, the State's inaction plays an almost neutral role in the balancing process.

C. Defendant's Assertion of His Right.

Although a defendant has no obligation to bring himself to trial, he does bear some responsibility in asserting his right. It has been emphasized that the "failure to assert the right will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial." Barker v. Wingo, supra at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Contrary to the defendant's claim, the record...

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