State v. Stewart, 20050079.

• Decision Date: 23 February 2006
• Docket Number: No. 20050084.,No. 20050085.,No. 20050082.,No. 20050081.,No. 20050083.,No. 20050086.,No. 20050080.,No. 20050079.,20050079.,20050080.,20050081.,20050082.,20050083.,20050084.,20050085.,20050086.
• Citation: 710 N.W.2d 403,2006 ND 39
• Parties: STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee v. Reed James STEWART, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

710 N.W.2d 403

2006 ND 39

STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee v. Reed James STEWART, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 20050079.

No. 20050080.

No. 20050081.

No. 20050082.

No. 20050083.

No. 20050084.

No. 20050085.

No. 20050086.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

February 23, 2006.

Kevin B. Spaeth, Grand Forks, N.D., for defendant and appellant.

Sarah Elizabeth Cannon, Assistant State's Attorney, Grafton, N.D., for plaintiff and appellee.

CROTHERS, Justice.

[¶ 1] Reed James Stewart appeals from criminal judgments entered after a jury found him guilty of felony possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute, two counts of felony possession of stolen property, two counts of felony possession of drug paraphernalia, two counts of felony possession of prescription drugs with intent to deliver, and misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia. We affirm the district court's judgments.

I

[¶ 2] Stewart was suspected of numerous crimes involving methamphetamine. The district court issued a search warrant after police obtained information from four criminal informants and conducted surveillance on Stewart's property. All four informants were members of the "criminal milieu," meaning they are themselves criminals or keep the company of criminals. Surveillance revealed suspicious visits from seven or eight vehicles per night, but no criminal activity was directly observed. The warrant authorized the officers to search Stewart's home and the interior of his shop, Reed's Midwest Auto.

[¶ 3] During execution of the search warrant, one officer's plain sight viewing of two vehicles on Stewart's property revealed a "Coleman can," paper towels, and a propane tank with a new valve, all possible instruments in the manufacture of methamphetamine. Inside the shop, another officer saw a number of tools matching the descriptions of those on inventory lists from recent burglaries. Following these observations, officers sought to expand their search and applied by telephone for the second warrant. The district court issued a warrant, authorizing the officers to search Stewart's auto shop, including approximately 200 "junked" vehicles on his property, for a variety of items not identified specifically, including controlled substances, drug paraphernalia, monies derived from drug transactions, records pertaining to drug trafficking, and stolen property from Walsh and Grand Forks counties.

[¶ 4] During Stewart's trial, testimony was admitted from a witness concerning his prior dealings with Stewart involving stolen property. Although Stewart was given a transcript of an interview with the witness, he was not specifically notified of the State's intent to admit such prior bad acts testimony. He timely objected.

[¶ 5] Stewart argues insufficient probable cause existed to execute the first search warrant, the second search warrant was over-broad and unspecific, and the prior bad acts testimony should have been excluded from trial.

II

[¶ 6] Whether probable cause exists is a question of law. State v. Metzner, 338 N.W.2d 799, 804 (N.D.1983). Whether a search warrant was supported by probable cause is reviewed by this Court using the "totality of the circumstances" approach, making an assessment independent of the trial court's determination. State v. Hage, 1997 ND 175, ¶ 11, 568 N.W.2d 741. We defer to a magistrate's determination of probable cause so long as a substantial basis for the conclusion exists, and we resolve doubtful or marginal cases in favor of the magistrate's determination. State v. Donovan, 2004 ND 201, ¶ 6, 688 N.W.2d 646; State v. Ochoa, 2004 ND 43, ¶ 7, 675 N.W.2d 161; State v. Roth, 2004 ND 23, ¶ 6, 674 N.W.2d 495; State v. Dodson, 2003 ND 187, ¶ 10, 671 N.W.2d 825; State v. Ballweg, 2003 ND 153, ¶ 12, 670 N.W.2d 490.

[¶ 7] Stewart argues the first warrant was not supported by probable cause because the informants, as part of the "criminal milieu," were inherently unreliable and the police surveillance failed to reveal any criminal activity. We conclude these informants' reliability was established and their statements, combined with the officers' surveillance, provided adequate probable cause for the first search warrant to be issued.

[¶ 8] "[T]here would probably be few search warrants issued if the information had to come only from saints." State v. Dahl, 440 N.W.2d 716, 720 (N.D.1989). However, the reliability of informants within the criminal milieu must be established. See id. at 718. Reliability of an informant can be established numerous ways, such as corroboration through independent investigation, see State v. Ochoa, 2004 ND 43, ¶ 13, 675 N.W.2d 161, by the affiant's vouching or assertion that the informant is reliable, see State v. Roth, 2004 ND 23, ¶ 15, 674 N.W.2d 495, or by the informant giving detailed information overcoming any doubt, see State v. Holzer, 2003 ND 19, ¶ 14, 656 N.W.2d 686. Here, all four informants gave detailed, firsthand information, much of which was internally corroborated.

[¶ 9] Additionally, the district court's consideration of the police officers' surveillance testimony was reasonable in establishing probable cause. Although the officers did not see any crimes being committed, testimony of suspicious activity is relevant in establishing probable cause because an issuing judge or magistrate may consider "inferences and deductions that a trained and experienced officer makes." State v. Thieling, 2000 ND 106, ¶ 8, 611 N.W.2d 861 (quoting State v. Mische, 448 N.W.2d 415, 419 (N.D.1989)).

[¶ 10] Viewing the "totality of the circumstances" and deferring to the district court, we conclude the statements of the criminal informants plus the trained officers' deductions from the surveillance yielded probable cause for the first search warrant.

III

[¶ 11] A search warrant must describe with particularity the places to be searched and items to be seized. N.D. Const. art. I, § 8. Though this requirement is set forth to prevent "exploratory rummaging," the degree of particularity required remains flexible. State v. Dallmann, 441 N.W.2d 912, 914 (N.D.1989). Whether a warrant is sufficiently particular depends upon the surrounding circumstances, including the purpose of the warrant, the crime involved, the place to be searched, and the nature of the items sought. Id.

[¶ 12] Here, the second warrant was sought to search approximately 200 "junked" vehicles on Stewart's property after a plain sight viewing of two vehicles revealed items potentially related to the manufacture of methamphetamine. Additionally, after the initial search of Stewart's shop revealed numerous tools matching the description of some stolen in recent burglaries, officers sought permission to seize such items. Stewart argues the warrant was over-broad in the area it authorized the officers to search — specifically, all vehicles on his property. He also argues the warrant was over-broad in the items it authorized the officers to seize — authorizing seizure of "stolen property from the Walsh and Grand Forks counties" rather than listing specific items.

[¶ 13] Although Stewart is correct that warrants based on what officers "may" find rather than on probable cause are invalid, we do not find that the warrant issued in this case involved such a vague and improper search and seizure authorization.

[¶ 14] The flexible particularity requirement allows an issuing judge or magistrate to consider the circumstances at hand. Dallmann, 441 N.W.2d at 914. Here, the search was of a business premises and vehicles — most "junked" or immobile — located there. There was no risk of...