State v. Taylor

• Citation: 993 S.W.2d 33
• Parties: STATE of Tennessee, Appellee, v. Ray L. TAYLOR, Appellant.
• Decision Date: 01 June 1999
• Court: Supreme Court of Tennessee

Page 33

993 S.W.2d 33

STATE of Tennessee, Appellee, v. Ray L. TAYLOR, Appellant.

Supreme Court of Tennessee at Jackson.

June 1, 1999.

Mark A. Mesler, Memphis, for Appellant.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General Michael J. Fahey, II, Assistant Attorney General, Nashville, for Appellee.

O P I N I O N

HOLDER, J.

We granted this appeal to decide whether a defendant's credibility may be impeached by reference to a prior conviction for a "felony involving dishonesty." We hold that the trial court erred in ruling that the State could impeach the defendant by asking him whether he had been convicted of any "felonies involving dishonesty." We hold, however, that the error was harmless. ¹

BACKGROUND

Pamela Mosley returned home from work on March 2, 1995, and discovered that her front door had been pried open and her bedroom had been ransacked. Various items were missing, including a large amount of jewelry, a coin collection, several handguns, and a blue duffel bag. Two of Mosley's neighbors saw the defendant, Ray L. Taylor, enter Mosley's house that morning. After approximately ten or fifteen minutes, the defendant left the house carrying a brown box and a blue duffel bag. He drove away in an older-model Cadillac. The neighbors provided the police with a description of the Cadillac and its license plate number. The defendant was driving an older-model Cadillac matching the description and tag number when he was arrested the following day. The missing items were valued at $7,000 and were never recovered.

The defendant had seven prior burglary convictions and one prior larceny conviction. The trial court initially ruled that these convictions were not admissible for impeachment purposes because, given their similarity to the offenses charged, the prejudicial effect of the prior convictions outweighed their probative value. See Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(3). After the prosecutor presented research on the issue, the trial court reconsidered its ruling and concluded that the State could impeach the defendant by referring to his prior convictions as "felonies involving dishonesty." The defendant chose not to testify and presented no evidence at trial. The jury convicted him of one count of aggravated burglary and one count of theft of property valued at between $1,000 and $10,000. The trial court sentenced him as a Range III persistent offender to concurrent sentences of twelve years. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court.

ANALYSIS

Pursuant to the procedures and conditions set forth in Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a), a defendant's credibility may be impeached by presenting "evidence" of a prior conviction. The rule does not delineate what facts about the prior conviction and the underlying crime may be introduced. Prior to January 1, 1990, the effective date of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, the admissibility of a prior conviction for impeachment purposes was governed by this Court's ruling in State v. Morgan, 541 S.W.2d 385 (Tenn.1976). In Morgan, this Court held that evidence of a defendant's prior conviction must be "limited to the fact of a former conviction and of what crime, with the object only of affecting the credibility of the witness, not prejudicing the minds of the jury as to the guilt of the defendant witness of the crime for which he is on trial." Id. at 389 (citation omitted). As the Advisory Commission Comments note, "Rule 609(a) takes Morgan at face value." Thus, "evidence" of a prior conviction admissible under Rule 609(a) is limited to the fact of a former conviction and the crime that was committed.

Recently, this Court held that limiting reference to a prior conviction as "a felony" without further identification is improper. State v. Galmore, --- S.W.2d ----, 1999 WL 285824 (Tenn.1999). In Galmore, the defendant's prior conviction for robbery was similar to the charged offenses. Noting that the trial court had attempted to minimize the prejudicial impact by allowing impeachment by reference to an unnamed felony conviction, the Court stated:

Not identifying the felony, however, would permit a jury to speculate as to the nature of the prior conviction. State v. Barnard, 899 S.W.2d 617, 622 (Tenn.Crim.App.1994). Furthermore, instructing the jury on an unnamed felony would provide inadequate information for a jury to properly weigh the conviction's probative value as impeaching evidence. Summerall, 926 S.W.2d at 277. We hold that the proper application of the balancing test under Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(3) requires identification of the prior conviction.

Id. at ----.

In the case now before us, we are presented with the issue of whether referring to a prior conviction as a "felony involving dishonesty" is sufficient identification for purposes of Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(3). The rule does not provide for impeachment by use of this reference. Rule 609 is based on the premise that the trier of fact needs to be informed about prior convictions in order to evaluate a witness' credibility. The degree to which the impeaching conviction is probative of untruthfulness can vary with the nature of the offense, even with felonies involving dishonesty. Furthermore, most jurors have no distinct sense...