State v. Thakar
| Decision Date | 02 October 2017 |
| Docket Number | No. 29S02-1705-CR-284,29S02-1705-CR-284 |
| Citation | 82 N.E.3d 257 |
| Parties | STATE of Indiana, Appellant (Plaintiff below), v. Sameer Girish THAKAR, Appellee (Defendant below). |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
Attorneys for Appellant : Curtis T. Hill, Jr., Attorney General of Indiana, Ellen H. Meilaender, Jodi K. Stein, Deputy Attorneys General, Indianapolis, Indiana
Attorneys for Appellee : Jane H. Ruemmele, Charles C. Hayes, Hayes Ruemmele, LLC f/k/a, Sweeney Hayes, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 29A02-1606-CR-1265
The State charged then-38-year-old Sameer Girish Thakar with Class D felony dissemination of matter harmful to minors under Indiana Code section 35-49-3-3(a)(1) (2008) ("the Dissemination Statute"), after Thakar sent a photograph of his erect penis to a 16-year-old girl. The trial court dismissed the charges, relying upon Salter v. State, 906 N.E.2d 212 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. not sought, which found the Dissemination Statute void for vagueness as applied, because the intended recipient met Indiana's age of consent to sexual activity. We now overrule Salter, hold that the Dissemination Statute is not unconstitutionally vague, and reverse.
According to the charging information, in 2014, 38-year-old Thakar began chatting online under the username "sam_sam" with L.S., a 16-year-old girl in Oregon. Approximately one hour after learning L.S.'s age, he sent her a photo of his erect penis. Shortly thereafter Oregon FBI agents reached out to the Fishers Police Department with this information, and when officers went to Thakar's house, he was cooperative in the extreme: Thakar admitted to the conversation under his username "sam_sam," identified L.S. by name, and identified printouts of pictures he had sent, including the photograph of his penis.
The State of Indiana charged Thakar under the Dissemination Statute, and Thakar moved to dismiss on constitutional grounds, claiming the Statute was void for vagueness. In support, Thakar relied upon Salter v. State, 906 N.E.2d 212 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (), where the court found the Dissemination Statute void for vagueness as applied, because the age of consent to sexual activity (absent unique circumstances) is only 16 in Indiana pursuant to Indiana Code section 35-42-4-9 (2008). 906 N.E.2d at 223.1 The trial court agreed and dismissed the charge, the State appealed, and our Court of Appeals affirmed, again based on Salter. State v. Thakar, 71 N.E.3d 27 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
We granted transfer, thereby vacating the Court of Appeals' decision below. Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A).
"We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to dismiss a charging information for an abuse of discretion ... [and a] trial court [ ] abuses its discretion when it misinterprets the law." An-Hung Yao v. State, 975 N.E.2d 1273, 1276 (Ind. 2012). A challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is a "pure question of law," which we review de novo . State v. Doe, 987 N.E.2d 1066, 1070 (Ind. 2013). " ‘[A]ll statutes are presumptively constitutional, and the court must resolve all reasonable doubts concerning a statute in favor of constitutionality.’ " Tiplick v. State, 43 N.E.3d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 2015) (quoting Dep't of State Revenue v. Caterpillar, Inc., 15 N.E.3d 579, 587 (Ind. 2014) ). That being said, unlike the higher burden faced by those making a facial constitutional challenge, those challenging the statute as applied "need only show the statute is unconstitutional on the facts of the particular case." State v. Zerbe, 50 N.E.3d 368, 369 (Ind. 2016) (internal quotations omitted).
The Dissemination Statute Is Not Unconstitutionally Vague.
" ‘Due process principles advise that a penal statute is void for vagueness if it does not clearly define its prohibitions,’ " and one such source of vagueness is if the statute lacks " ‘notice enabling ordinary people to understand the conduct that it prohibits.’ " Tiplick, 43 N.E.3d at 1262 (quoting Brown v. State, 868 N.E.2d 464, 467 (Ind. 2007) ). Here, the Dissemination Statute made it a Class D felony at the time to "knowingly or intentionally ... disseminate[ ] matter to minors that is harmful to minors[.]" Ind. Code § 35-49-3-3(a)(1). Furthermore, Indiana Code section 35-49-1-4 (2008) defines "minor" as "any individual under the age of eighteen (18) years," and Indiana Code section 35-49-2-2 (2008) defines "harmful to minors" as follows:
Thakar does not assert that the Dissemination Statute (or the terms therein defined by separate statute) are unduly vague or otherwise unconstitutional standing alone; rather, relying on Salter, he asserts that since this 16-year-old girl could legally view his erect penis in person in Indiana as part of consensual sexual activity under Indiana Code section 35-42-4-9, the "prevailing standards in the adult community as a whole" under Indiana Code section 35-49-2-2(3) should logically permit his sending a photograph of his penis to her as well. The State, on the other hand, has asserted on appeal and on transfer that Salter was wrongly decided, as the Dissemination Statute is clear in its terms.
We agree with the State, finding Thakar's argument suffers from a number of decisive infirmities. First, canons of statutory construction (such as in pari materia ) are only relevant once it is established that the statute in question is ambiguous. Rogers v. Martin, 63 N.E.3d 316, 327 (Ind. 2016). Here, the plain text of the Dissemination Statute contains no such ambiguity, and clearly encompasses the conduct Thakar has been charged with performing. "We thus begin—and end—our analysis" with that plain text. Id.
Second, Thakar attempts to impute ambiguity into the Dissemination Statute by pointing out disparate statutory treatment, claiming that the consent statute and the Dissemination Statute are in "apparent conflict" and should be read consistently. Appellee's Br. at 14–15. But there is no conflict between these two statutes requiring such resolution, because Thakar was capable of complying with both simultaneously: with respect to a 16-year-old, consensual sexual activity in person is permitted, the dissemination of a sexually-explicit photograph (consensually or otherwise) is not. And to baldly assert that for a 16-year-old girl consensual sex is equivalent to the abrupt appearance of an erect penis on her computer is nothing more than a policy determination, and it is not the place of our Court to usurp that role from our General Assembly.
Third, even assuming this statutory scheme taken as a whole could render the Dissemination Statute ambiguous, the first element of Indiana Code section 35-49-2-2 describing a matter harmful to minors is if "it describes or represents, in any form, nudity, sexual conduct, [or] sexual excitement[.]" An erect penis falls precisely within this term, and to permit dismissal of this charge would effectively require us to say that no photographs of an erect penis are harmful to 16-year-olds and render this first element a nullity, which we decline to do. See In re ITT...
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