State v. Thomas

• Decision Date: 04 August 1989
• Docket Number: No. 85-181,85-181
• Citation: 152 Vt. 315,565 A.2d 1335
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Ernest R. THOMAS.

Page 1335

565 A.2d 1335

152 Vt. 315

STATE of Vermont v. Ernest R. THOMAS.

No. 85-181.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Aug. 4, 1989.

Jeffrey L. Amestoy, Atty. Gen., and David Tartter, Asst. Atty. Gen., Montpelier, for plaintiff-appellee.

John E. Pytak, South Newfane, and Martin and Paolini, Barre, for defendant-appellant.

Before ALLEN, C.J., and PECK, GIBSON, DOOLEY and MORSE, JJ.

DOOLEY, Justice.

Defendant appeals from a conviction after a jury trial of petit larceny (13 V.S.A. § 2502) and felony possession of cocaine (18 V.S.A. § 4224(e)(1)(A)). We affirm.

Defendant was arrested following a complaint to police that a person, later identified as defendant, was breaking into a soda vending machine at a motel in Brattleboro. When the police arrived, the motel owner approached and directed them towards a vehicle which was parked in the motel lot. The vehicle started up as the police moved toward it. Defendant and a companion were in the vehicle. The police approached the vehicle, ordered the two occupants out, and searched it. They found $146.55 in change (mostly in quarters) in a plastic container in the vehicle, another $45.80 in change (again mostly in quarters) under the floor mat and four rubber gloves. A pat-down search of the defendant turned up a small vial of what the State asserts is cocaine. The police also found soda machine keys, one of which was capable of opening the soda machine at the motel.

At trial, the daughter of the motel owner described her observation of the defendant at the soda machine attempting to open it with a key. The owner testified that he saw defendant and his companion closing the door to the soda machine. He also testified that the soda machine had not been serviced for eleven days, and that it was found to contain few cans of soda and no money. The jury convicted defendant on both the petit larceny and possession of cocaine charges.

Defendant argues first that the State failed to identify the money allegedly stolen from the soda machine as the same money found in the automobile at the scene. Defendant argues that the State had this burden because he raised doubts as to the identity of the money, based on testimony that the son of his companion was working as a waiter and kept the tips he received from his work in the vehicle.

Conceding that circumstantial evidence is sufficient for a conviction, State v. Colby, 140 Vt. 638, 642, 443 A.2d 456, 457 (1982), defendant nevertheless maintains that the evidence, viewed "in the light most favorable to the state and excluding modifying evidence," was not "evidence fairly and reasonably tending to show the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Byrne, 149 Vt. 224, 228, 542 A.2d 276, 279 (1988) (citing State v. Burnham, 145 Vt. 161, 165, 484 A.2d 918, 921 (1984)).

Defendant presents his case as if the only two operative facts were the absence of money in the vending machine and the presence of change in the car. He ignores mention of additional incriminating evidence: an eyewitness observed defendant, believed he had broken into the machine and summoned the police; the machine contained few cans of soda and no money; and a matching vending machine key was found in his possession. These are important factual links in the chain of circumstantial evidence presented to the jury. While the money found in the car was not identified as the same money missing from the soda machine, it would be almost impossible to prove that coins found on a suspect were the same ones that were stolen from a vending machine. Imposing that kind of requirement would limit prosecutions for vending machine thefts to cases where suspects were apprehended at the scene flagrante delicto, and such proof is not required. See Russell v. United States, 408 F.2d 1280, 1281 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 928, 89 S.Ct. 1786, 23 L.Ed.2d 245 (1969). The evidence in this case sufficed to allow the jury to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Defendant next argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the substance found in his possession was a regulated narcotic drug as defined in 18 V.S.A. § 4201(16), because its witness did not testify to the precise chemical composition of the substance obtained in the search of the car. Defendant is raising a variation of what has been labeled the "cocaine isomer strategy." See United States v. Ross, 719 F.2d 615, 617 (2d Cir.1983). The defense is based on the fact that cocaine exists in eight isomers--that is, that there are forms of cocaine with different molecular structures. Only one of the isomers is derived from the coca leaf and only one other is a narcotic. See United States v. Francesco, 725 F.2d 817, 820 (1st Cir.1984). The cocaine isomer strategy in theory shows that only the isomer derived from the coca leaf fits within the statutory definition of a narcotic drug under 18 V.S.A. § 4201(16) ¹ but that the testing done for the prosecution is unable to distinguish among the various isomers. Thus, defendant asserts that the State failed to prove its case.

The cocaine isomer strategy is usually based on expert testimony and even then has rarely succeeded. See cases collected in United States v. Francesco, 725 F.2d at 820 n. 1; Darby v. State, 516 So.2d 775, 783 (Ala.Crim.App.1985) (citing federal and state cases), rev'd on other grounds, 516 So.2d 786 (Ala.1987). Defendant attempted to introduce the defense here solely through cross-examination of the State's expert witness. That witness testified on direct examination that the substance found on defendant was cocaine which was derived from the plant of the coca leaf. On cross-examination, defense counsel elicited that the witness knew that "synthetic cocaine" exists. When asked whether he did any tests to distinguish cocaine derived from the coca leaf from synthetic cocaine, the expert answered: "All I know, it was cocaine. The statutes in the state of Vermont do not distinguish between synthetic and natural cocaine." ² Defendant claims that...