State v. Tyler

• Decision Date: 13 February 2008
• Docket Number: A130370.,051165.
• Citation: 178 P.3d 282,218 Or. App. 105
• Parties: STATE of Oregon, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Keith Delvin TYLER, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Oregon Court of Appeals

178 P.3d 282

218 Or. App. 105

STATE of Oregon, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Keith Delvin TYLER, Defendant-Appellant.

051165.

A130370.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Submitted on Record and Briefs October 30, 2007.

Decided February 13, 2008.

James N. Varner, Dundee, filed the brief for appellant.

Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, and Anna M. Joyce, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.

Before LANDAU, Presiding Judge, and SCHUMAN and ORTEGA, Judges.

SCHUMAN, J.

Defendant was convicted of possession of methamphetamine. ORS 475.894. On appeal, he assigns error to the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained after he consented to a search of his trailer. As he did at trial, he argues that the discovery of the evidence resulted from a violation of his rights and that the state failed to show that the causal link between that violation and the discovery was so attenuated that the evidence was nonetheless admissible. We agree with defendant. We therefore reverse and remand.

We relate the facts as found by the trial court and supported by evidence. State v. Ehly, 317 Or. 66, 74-75, 854 P.2d 421 (1993). At around 7:50 a.m. on August 17, 2005, a Tillamook police officer responded to a report that an unfamiliar trailer was parked on a residential street and that a man and a woman were wandering nearby. When he arrived at the scene, the officer saw that the trailer was attached to a pickup truck, but recognized neither vehicle. He approached the trailer and knocked on its door. Defendant answered. The officer recognized him from previous contacts but was unaware that he was on probation. In response to the officer's inquiries, defendant explained that he was waiting for a shop to open so that he could have a tire fixed and that his girlfriend was with him inside the trailer. The officer asked the girlfriend to come out of the trailer, and she complied.

The officer asked defendant and his girlfriend for identification, which each provided. He then contacted a dispatch operator by radio and requested a background check. While the officer was waiting for the response, defendant and his girlfriend waited nearby. Shortly afterward, the dispatch operator informed the officer that both defendant and his girlfriend were on probation and that each was prohibited from having contact with known drug users. The dispatch operator also told the officer that he believed that each was prohibited, by another condition of probation, from having any contact with the other—but that he would have to confirm that fact with defendant's probation officer.

Acting on the information that defendant may have been in violation of a no-contact order, the officer handcuffed defendant and had him sit in the back of the patrol car. Because defendant knew that his probation agreement had been amended to allow him to have contact with his girlfriend, he assumed that he would be released as soon as his probation officer confirmed that fact, although he did not convey his assumption to the officer.

Before hearing back from the dispatch operator, the officer approached defendant, who was still in handcuffs and seated in the patrol car, and asked him for consent to search the trailer. Believing that he could not refuse because of a random search clause in his probation agreement, defendant responded, "[Y]es, go ahead." The ensuing search yielded the methamphetamine that led to defendant's arrest and conviction. Approximately five to ten minutes later, defendant's probation officer contacted the officer and told him that defendant and his girlfriend were, in fact, permitted to have contact with each other.

Defendant was charged with possession of methamphetamine. In his pretrial motion to suppress, he argued that the officer's actions constituted a "stop," thereby effecting a seizure of his person; that, at the time of the seizure, the officer lacked reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, making that seizure unlawful; and that his consent was a product of the unlawful seizure, rendering all evidence discovered as a result of the search inadmissible. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that defendant's consent was only tenuously related, if related at all, to the unlawful seizure. The jury returned a verdict of guilty.

On appeal, the state concedes that, when the officer asked defendant for his identification and contacted the dispatch operator, a stop occurred, and that, because the officer did not have reasonable suspicion that defendant had engaged in (or was about to engage in) unlawful activity, the stop violated defendant's right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure under Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution. We agree and accept that concession. See State v. Hall, 339 Or. 7, 19, 115 P.3d 908 (2005) (stop occurs when officer radios dispatch operator). The state argues, however, that any causal connection between that illegality and defendant's consent is too tenuous to require suppression because defendant consented due to his belief that he was required to do so as a condition of his probation, and not because of any police conduct. As explained below, we disagree.

The rationale for suppressing unlawfully obtained evidence under Oregon law is remedial—that is, its purpose is to restore the defendant to the same position as if the government had stayed within the law. State v. Davis, 295 Or. 227, 233-34, 666 P.2d 802 (1983). Thus, "the critical inquiry is whether the state obtained the evidence sought to be suppressed as a result of a violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, section 9." Hall, 339 Or. at 24, 115 P.3d 908. The Supreme Court has provided the analytical framework for determining whether the connection between unlawful police conduct and incriminating evidence requires suppression:

"After a defendant shows a minimal factual nexus between unlawful police conduct and the defendant's consent, then the state has the burden to prove that the defendant's consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the unlawful police conduct. Deciding whether the state has satisfied that burden requires a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances to determine the nature of the causal connection between the unlawful police conduct and the defendant's consent. A causal connection requiring suppression may exist because the police sought the defendant's consent solely as the result of knowledge of inculpatory evidence obtained from unlawful police conduct. A causal connection requiring suppression also may exist because the unlawful police conduct, even if not overcoming the defendant's free will, significantly affected the defendant's decision to consent. Although determining the existence of such a causal connection requires examination of the specific facts at issue in a particular case, we view several considerations to be relevant to that determination, including (1) the temporal proximity between the unlawful police conduct and the defendant's consent, (2) the existence of any intervening circumstances, and (3) the presence of any circumstances—such as, for example, a police officer informing the defendant of the right to refuse consent-that mitigated the effect of the unlawful police conduct."

Id. at 34-35, 115 P.3d 908. This paragraph, supplemented by other parts of the opinion, yields a framework consisting of a sequence of inquiries. We must first determine whether defendant has established a "minimal factual nexus" between the unlawful stop and the consent. Id. at 25, 115 P.3d 908. That nexus exists if there is a "but for" relationship between the unlawful stop and defendant's consent. Id. Once that nexus is...