State v. Wehrle

• Citation: 223 Neb. 928,395 N.W.2d 142
• Decision Date: 24 October 1986
• Docket Number: No. 86-043,86-043
• Parties: STATE of Nebraska, Appellant, v. James R. WEHRLE, Appellee.
• Court: Supreme Court of Nebraska

Page 142

395 N.W.2d 142

223 Neb. 928

STATE of Nebraska, Appellant, v. James R. WEHRLE, Appellee.

No. 86-043.

Supreme Court of Nebraska.

Oct. 24, 1986.

Syllabus by the Court

1. Constitutional Law: Criminal Law: Due Process: Double Jeopardy: Indictments and Informations. Regarding constitutional considerations of due process and the prohibition against double jeopardy, the function of an indictment, information, or complaint is twofold. With reasonable certainty, an indictment, information, or complaint must inform an accused concerning the crime charged so that the accused may prepare a defense to the prosecution and, if convicted, be able to plead the judgment of conviction on such charge as a bar to a later prosecution for the same offense.

2. Indictments and Informations. Where an indictment, information, or complaint alleges commission of a crime, using the language of the statute defining that crime or terms equivalent to such statutory definition, a formal charge against an accused is sufficient.

3. Criminal Law: Statutes: Time. The exact time when a criminal offense is committed is not an essential element of a crime unless the statute defining the offense makes a date or time an indispensable element of the crime charged.

4. Criminal Law: Pleadings. As a common-law part of Nebraska criminal procedure, an accused may utilize a bill of particulars for appropriate specification in allegations of a formal criminal charge.

5. Criminal Law: Indictments and Informations: Time. In the absence of demonstrated prejudice to a defendant's substantial right, a formal charge in prosecuting a criminal offense--an indictment, information, or complaint--alleging a date or period within the statutory time specified to commence prosecution for the crime charged is sufficient, unless the particular offense charged requires establishment of a specific time as an essential element of that crime charged.

Vincent Valentino, York Co. Atty., and Charles W. Campbell, York, for appellant.

John R. Brogan, of Brogan & McCluskey, York, for appellee.

Before KRIVOSHA, C.J., and BOSLAUGH, WHITE, HASTINGS, CAPORALE, SHANAHAN, and GRANT, JJ.

SHANAHAN, Justice.

Pursuant to Neb.Rev.Stat. §§ 29-2315.01 et seq. (Reissue 1985) (appeal by county attorney concerning court rulings or decisions in criminal cases), the State of Nebraska, by the county attorney of York County, appeals the district court judgment sustaining James R. Wehrle's motion to quash, see, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-1808 (Reissue 1985) (motion to quash), and State v. Parks, 212 Neb. 635, 642, 324 N.W.2d 673, 678 (1982) ("any challenge to a complaint or information as to certainty, particularity, or redundancy may be made by a motion to quash"), and dismissing count I of a two-count information against Wehrle. Both counts charged Wehrle with violation of Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-319(1) (Reissue 1985) of the Nebraska Criminal Code, which provides:

Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration and (a) overcomes the victim by force, threat of force, express or implied, coercion, or deception, (b) knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct, or (c) the actor is nineteen years of age or older and the victim is less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree.

Count I of the information alleged that Wehrle

on or after February 1, 1984 and on or before March 31, 1984, in the County of York and State of Nebraska, then and there being, did then and there subject another person, [victim's name], to sexual penetration, and he overcame the victim by force, threat of force, express or implied, coercion, or deception, or he knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his conduct, or he was nineteen years of age or older and the victim was less than sixteen years of age.

Count II alleged that "on or about the 11th day of September, 1985," Wehrle violated § 28-319(1), and recited the victim's name and the statutory language identical to that found in count I of the information.

In his "Motion to Quash," Wehrle alleged: "That Count 1 of the Information lacks certainty and particularity in that it does not specify the date when the offense charged is alleged to have occurred. Count 1 alleges only that said alleged offense occurred on or after February 1, 1984, and before March 31, 1984." The district court sustained Wehrle's motion to quash.

The issue in this appeal concerns sufficiency of the information charging Wehrle, that is, the absence of a specific date or definite time when the crime is alleged to have occurred. Resolution of these issues necessarily raises aspects of the constitutional guarantees of due process and protection against double jeopardy pertaining to an information on which an accused is prosecuted. See, Neb. Const. art. I, §§ 3, 11, and 12; U.S. Const. amend. V and amend. XIV, § 1.

Regarding constitutional considerations of due process and the prohibition against double jeopardy, the function of an indictment, information, or complaint is twofold. With reasonable certainty, an indictment, information, or complaint must inform an accused concerning the crime charged so that the accused may prepare a defense to the prosecution and, if convicted, be able to plead the judgment of conviction on such charge as a bar to a later prosecution for the same offense. See State v. Adams, 181 Neb. 75, 147 N.W.2d 144 (1966). See, also, State v. Last, 212 Neb. 596, 324 N.W.2d 402 (1982).

For a sufficient information, there is no constitutional requirement "that detailed particulars of the crime must be stated in the information or indictment in the meticulous manner prescribed by the common law." Cowan v. State, 140 Neb. 837, 839, 2 N.W.2d 111, 113 (1942). See, also, State v. Last, supra.

There was a time in the history of our law when the indictment was an instrument of such archaic and arcane verbosity that it served more to confuse than to enlighten. Thus an indictment for "Selling a Diseased Cow in the Public Market" required three printed pages of fine print. Such exercises are now, happily, things of the past.

United States v. Glup, 482 F.2d 1288, 1289 (8th Cir.1973). See, also, Myers v. United States, 15 F.2d 977, 981 (8th Cir.1926) (" 'it is not necessary in framing [an indictment, information, or complaint] to set up an impracticable standard of particularity ...' "). Consequently, where an indictment, information, or complaint alleges commission of a crime, using the language of the statute defining that crime or terms equivalent to such statutory definition, a formal charge against an accused is sufficient. See State v. McGee, 221 Neb. 557, 378 N.W.2d 674 (1985). By the clear terms of § 28-319(1), the time of occurrence is not an essential element of first degree sexual assault.

An examination of the information in the present case shows that such formal criminal charge against Wehrle is set out in the language found in § 28-319(1). An "information charging an offense in substantially the words of the statute is generally sufficient." State v. Piskorski, 218 Neb. 543, 545, 357 N.W.2d 206, 209 (1984).

Sufficiency of a formal criminal charge against an accused is not necessarily equated with factual particularity in pleading. A distinction is drawn between sufficiency of allegations in an indictment, information, or complaint in terms of the essential elements prescribed by the statute defining a criminal offense, and particularity which may provide information about an alleged event, above and beyond the statutory elements constituting a criminal offense. Bearing in mind the twofold function of an information, the exact time when a criminal offense is committed is not an essential element of a crime unless the statute defining the offense makes a date or time an indispensable element of the crime charged. See State v. Harig, 192 Neb. 49, 218 N.W.2d 884 (1974); cf. Brown v. State, 16 Neb. 658, 21 N.W. 454 (1884) (an allegation of time was necessary to validly charge a defendant with criminal sale of liquor on Sunday). Further, "It has long been the rule in this jurisdiction, as in others, that charging an individual with the commission of a crime anytime within the statute of limitations is sufficient." State v. Piskorski, supra, 218 Neb. at 547, 357 N.W.2d at 210. Cf. State v. Wood, 220 Neb. 388, 391, 370 N.W.2d 133, 135 (1985) ("where time is not an ingredient of the crime, a variance between the information and the proof is not fatal if the date proved is within the statute of limitations"). In State v. Piskorski, supra, we held that an information which alleged that a criminal act occurred "on or after September 1, 1982, and before December 25, 1982," a period covering almost 4 months, was sufficiently definite in relation to a conviction of first degree sexual assault. 218 Neb. at 547, 357 N.W.2d at 210.

Wehrle calls our attention to three cases which he believes support his argument that the information was fatally deficient, namely, State v. Scott, 206 Neb. 451, 293 N.W.2d 114 (1980), May...