State v. Zacher, No. 20150001.

• Court: United States State Supreme Court of North Dakota
• Writing for the Court: SANDSTROM, Justice.
• Citation: 868 N.W.2d 847
• Docket Number: No. 20150001.
• Decision Date: 25 August 2015
• Parties: STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee v. Brett Eugene ZACHER, Defendant and Appellant.

868 N.W.2d 847

STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee
v.
Brett Eugene ZACHER, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 20150001.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

Aug. 25, 2015.

868 N.W.2d 848

Justin M. Balzer, Morton County Assistant State's Attorney, Mandan, ND, for plaintiff and appellee.

Kent M. Morrow, Bismarck, ND, for defendant and appellant.

Opinion

SANDSTROM, Justice.

¶ 1] Brett Zacher appeals from a district court order denying his motion to suppress evidence and from a criminal judgment entered after his conditional guilty plea to the charge of possession of a controlled substance. We reverse, concluding the district court erred in relying on the plain view doctrine to justify the warrantless seizure of the plastic bag located in Zacher's vehicle, and remand to allow Zacher to withdraw his guilty plea.

I

[¶ 2] On April 6, 2014, a Mandan police officer saw a vehicle fail to stop at a stop sign. He followed the vehicle, checked its license and registration, and discovered the owner of the vehicle, Brett Zacher, had a suspended license. The officer stopped the vehicle, and after identifying Zacher as the driver, arrested him for driving under suspension and placed him in the police vehicle. The officer then informed Zacher of his Miranda rights, and in an attempt to prevent Zacher's car from being towed, asked Zacher if he could move his car from the lot it was parked in at the time of the arrest. Zacher gave the officer permission to enter his vehicle to move it from the parking lot. As he was moving Zacher's vehicle, the officer noticed the top portion of a small plastic bag between the driver's seat and the middle console. Although he could not see or identify the contents of the bag, the officer testified that because of his training and experience he was suspicious of the bag, so he removed it from in between the seat and console and discovered it contained “very small pieces of paper.” At first, the officer was unable to identify the contents of the bag, but another officer at the scene believed it contained LSD. The officer then asked Zacher about the bag, and Zacher stated it was “bunk” or fake acid. After bringing Zacher to the law enforcement center, the officer performed a test which indicated the small pieces of paper in the plastic bag contained LSD. When the officer confronted Zacher about the test results, Zacher admitted the LSD was real.

[¶ 3] Zacher was charged with possession of a controlled substance, driving under suspension, and driving under the influence of drugs. Zacher moved to suppress the evidence found by the officer, arguing the officer lacked probable cause to search the interior of his vehicle after he had been arrested and placed in the officer's vehicle. After a hearing, the district court denied Zacher's motion, finding that because the contraband was in plain view, it was lawfully seized. Zacher then conditionally pled guilty to possession of a controlled substance, reserving his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. Zacher was sentenced to one year of incarceration, with one year suspended and two years' probation.

[¶ 4] The district court had jurisdiction under N.D. Const. art. VI, § 8, and N.D.C.C. § 27–05–06. The appeal from the criminal convictions was timely under N.D.R.App.P. 4(b), and this Court has jurisdiction under N.D. Const. art. VI, §§ 2 and 6, and N.D.C.C. § 29–28–06.

II

[¶ 5] On appeal, Zacher argues the district court erred in denying his motion to

[868 N.W.2d 849

suppress evidence, because the plain view doctrine does not apply and the plastic bag should not have been seized without a warrant.

[¶ 6] When reviewing a district court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we defer to the district court's findings of fact and resolve conflicts in testimony in favor of affirmance. City of Fargo v. Thompson, 520 N.W.2d 578, 581 (N.D.1994). We will affirm a district court's decision on a motion to suppress if “there is sufficient competent evidence fairly capable of supporting the court's findings, and the decision is not contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.” State v. Nickel, 2013 ND 155, ¶ 12, 836 N.W.2d 405 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “Although underlying factual disputes are findings of fact, the ultimate conclusion of whether the facts meet a particular legal standard is a question of law, fully reviewable on appeal.” Id. (citing State v. Albaugh, 2007 ND 86, ¶ 8, 732 N.W.2d 712 ).

[¶ 7] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and “establishes a strong preference for law enforcement officers to obtain warrants.” Nickel, 2013 ND 155, ¶ 22, 836 N.W.2d 405 (citing State v. Dodson, 2003 ND 187, ¶ 27, 671 N.W.2d 825 ). “A warrantless search or seizure is constitutionally impermissible unless it falls within a recognized exception to the warrant requirement.” Nickel, at ¶ 22 (citing State v. Salter, 2008 ND 230, ¶ 6, 758 N.W.2d 702 ). Absent an exception to the warrant requirement, evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment's protections against warrantless searches or seizures must be suppressed. State v. Haibeck, 2004 ND 163, ¶ 9, 685 N.W.2d 512. The defendant has the initial burden to establish a prima facie case that evidence should be suppressed. State v. Glaesman, 545 N.W.2d 178, 182 n. 1...