STN Enterprises, In re, 303

• Decision Date: 26 December 1985
• Docket Number: No. 85-5059,No. 303,D,303,85-5059
• Parties: Bankr. L. Rep. P 70,913 In re STN ENTERPRISES, d/b/a Atwater Arms, Debtor. UNSECURED CREDITORS COMMITTEE OF DEBTOR STN ENTERPRISES, INC., Appellant, v. Janice NOYES, individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Stephen T. Noyes, Appellee. ocket
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 901

779 F.2d 901

Bankr. L. Rep. P 70,913

In re STN ENTERPRISES, d/b/a Atwater Arms, Debtor UNSECURED CREDITORS COMMITTEE OF DEBTOR STN ENTERPRISES INC., Appellant, v. Janice NOYES, individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Stephen T. Noyes, Appellee.

No. 303, Docket No. 85-5059.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Oct. 24, 1985.

Decided Dec. 26, 1985.

Jerome I. Meyers, White River Junction, Vt., for appellant Creditors Committee.

John R. Canney, III (Brian P. Dempsey, Carroll, George & Pratt, Rutland, Vt.), for STN Enterprises, Inc.

John D. Lanoue, Donovan & O'Connor, Adams, Mass., for appellee Noyes individually.

James J. Cormier, Bennington, Vt., for appellee Noyes as Adm'x.

Before OAKES, NEWMAN, and MINER, Circuit Judges.

OAKES, Circuit Judge:

An unsecured creditors' committee of a debtor in possession under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code appeals from a judgment of the district court denying the committee's motion for leave to commence an action. The committee sought leave from the United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Franklin S. Billings, Jr., Judge, to commence an action against Janice Noyes individually and as administratrix of the estate of her husband, Stephen T. Noyes. The husband was the sole stockholder, president, and one of the two directors of STN Enterprises, Inc. (STN), the corporate debtor in possession, from the date of its incorporation until his death. Mrs. Noyes was the other director (a substitute for her late husband was duly elected) and is the corporate secretary. We reverse and remand insofar as the denial of leave to commence an action against Mrs. Noyes individually is concerned, but affirm as to the denial of leave to sue the husband's estate.

STN, a dealer in antique arms, was incorporated under Vermont law on August 6, 1982, and the articles named Mr. and Mrs. Noyes the initial directors. STN held its organizational meeting on September 1, 1982, at which time Mr. and Mrs. Noyes constituted themselves as president and secretary, respectively. Mr. Noyes died on May 5, 1984, and on May 29, 1984, the corporation filed a petition for reorganization under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1101-1174 (1982 & Supp. II 1984). The assets of the corporation were estimated to be about $4 million and liabilities $14 million. No plan of reorganization has been filed, nor has any trustee been appointed. Sales of most of the assets have been made with bankruptcy court approval under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 363(b) (1982 & Supp. II 1984). Mr. Noyes's estate now is the sole STN stockholder and Mrs. Noyes is administratrix of the probate estate.

While we may not be required as a matter of law to view the creditors' committee motion and supporting papers in the most favorable light, it is appropriate to do so because of the sketchy record in this case. Viewing the allegations of the motion and papers in this fashion, we find the creditors' committee claims are based on the following facts:

1. From October 8, 1982, to May 2, 1984, Stephen T. Noyes negotiated between $1.6 million and $2.1 million in checks on the STN account made out to "Cash," the use of which funds remains unaccounted for;

2. During the year prior to Stephen T. Noyes's death he took $250,000 in salary from the corporation and his wife, at least for tax purposes, was credited with $30,000 in salary 3. For all or a greater portion of this time, the precise time being unknown, the corporation was insolvent;

4. During the same period of time the Noyes' home property, owned by them as a tenancy by the entirety, was increased in value, presumably from the funds mentioned in Paragraphs 1 or 2 above, by way of installation of an electrical burglar alarm system and a swimming pool, and construction of a "plush" showroom and an office;

5. Presumably also from the funds mentioned in Paragraphs 1 and 2 above, Stephen Noyes bought life insurance in the amount of several hundred thousand dollars on his life, the beneficiary of which was his wife or a trust or trusts for her benefit; and

6. Again presumably from the aforementioned funds, a $70,000 debt to Mrs. Noyes's father was repaid in the year preceding the bankruptcy filing.

On the basis of these allegations the committee makes the following three legal claims:

1. Against Stephen Noyes and hence his estate for wasting corporate assets or making or causing to be made fraudulent or preferential conveyances by the corporation;

2. Against Janice Noyes as a director of the corporation for misfeasance or nonfeasance in respect to the alleged waste of corporate assets or self-dealings in connection therewith by her husband and excessive salaries paid both to her husband and herself; and

3. Against Janice Noyes personally as either the recipient of a fraudulent conveyance or conveyances (to the tenancy by the entirety or otherwise) or as a person unjustly enriched by the transfers/conveyances made or the insurance paid for out of corporate funds.

Leave to sue on the first claim--against Stephen Noyes' estate--was denied by the district court for the good reason that the probate estate of Stephen Noyes for all practical purposes is insolvent; ¹ leave is sought, if at all, only with minimal enthusiasm on appeal. More important, leave was properly denied because the statute of limitations has run. ² For these two reasons the district court could hardly be said unsoundly to have denied a motion addressed, as we discuss infra, to its judicial discretion.

As to the two legal claims against Janice Noyes personally, arising out of her alleged misfeasance or nonfeasance as a director and as a recipient of the allegedly misappropriated or wasted corporate funds, directly or indirectly, the district court treated only the former, referring to it as an application to bring a suit "against Janice Noyes, individually, for negligently performing her duties as director and corporate officer of STN." Finding that the trustee or, where one has not been appointed, the debtor in possession has the primary responsibility for initiating suit to conserve assets of a chapter 11 debtor, see 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1106, 1107 (1982 & Supp. II 1984), and that a creditors' committee can bring suit only in the case of a breach of statutory duty by the trustee or debtor in possession, In re Monsour Medical Center, 5 Bankr. 715 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1980); In re Joyanna Holitogs, Inc., 21 Bankr. 323 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982), the district court denied leave. It did so on the grounds (A) that there was no fiduciary duty of Janice Noyes, director, running to herself as stockholder, ³ and (B) that corporate directors owe a fiduciary duty to creditors of the corporation only " 'under certain circumstances' " (quoting Association of Haystack Property Owners, Inc. v. Sprague, 145 Vt. 443, 494 A.2d 122, 126 (1985)). The court refused to grant permission to file a suit under what it considered a " 'novel or extreme' " theory of liability (quoting id. at 125) because it felt such permission would dramatically expand the creditors' committee implied right to sue.

Usually a trustee or, if none has been appointed, the debtor in possession initiates proceedings to recover preferentially or fraudulently transferred assets. See 11 U.S.C. Secs. 704, 1106, 1107 (1982 & Supp. II 1984). Under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 323(b) (1982), the trustee has the explicit power to sue and be sued. Under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 547 (1982 & Supp. II 1984), it is clear that a trustee can initiate suit without court approval to avoid a preferential transfer of assets, see also Bankruptcy Rule 6009, although it is considered the better practice to secure an order of the court for leave to sue. See 4 Collier on Bankruptcy p 547.52, at 547-180 (L. King 15th ed. 1979).

The Bankruptcy Code, however, contains no explicit authority for creditors' committees to initiate adversary proceedings. Most bankruptcy courts that have considered the question have found an implied, but qualified, right for creditors' committees to initiate adversary proceedings in the name of the debtor in possession under 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1103(c)(5) and 1109(b), see, e.g., Joyanna Holitogs, 21 Bankr. at 326; In re Toledo Equipment Co., 35 Bankr. 315, 317-20 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1983), or in reliance on an implied continuation of creditors' committee powers under the pre-1978 Code. See Monsour Medical Center, 5 Bankr. at 718 (citing Casey v. Baker, 212 F. 247 (N.D.N.Y.1914); 3 Collier on Bankruptcy Part 2, p 60.57, at 1095-96 (L. King 14th ed. 1977); 4B id. p 70.92, at 1055-56 (1978). These courts have allowed creditors' committees to initiate proceedings only when the trustee or debtor in possession unjustifiably failed to bring suit or abused its discretion in not suing to avoid a preferential transfer. We agree with these bankruptcy courts that 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1103(c)(5) and 1109(b) imply a qualified right for creditors' committees to initiate suit with the approval of the bankruptcy court.

We find that the district court did not properly consider whether appellant's allegations demonstrated that the debtor in possession had unjustifiably failed to initiate a suit against Mrs. Noyes. The district court's ruling failed to take into account that, although in most states directors of a solvent corporation do not owe a fiduciary duty to creditors, quite the reverse is true when the corporation becomes insolvent. See, e.g., Francis v. United Jersey Bank, 87 N.J. 15, 36, 432 A.2d 814, 824 (1981); 3 Fletcher Cyclopedia Corporations Sec. 849 (M. Wolf perm. ed 1975); 3A id. Secs. 1180-84. Thus, the "majority rule" permits recovery by creditors of an insolvent corporation for mismanagement as if the corporation itself were plaintiff, id. Secs. 1180, 1182, ⁴ while the "minority rule" precludes suit by injured creditors of an insolvent corporation, id. Sec. 1181, although a suit for misappropriation or diversion of corporate property may stand on...