Straughn v. State

• Citation: 465 A.2d 1166,297 Md. 329
• Decision Date: 07 October 1983
• Docket Number: No. 21,21
• Parties: Ronald Irving STRAUGHN a/k/a Donald Straughn v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland

Page 329

297 Md. 329

465 A.2d 1166

Ronald Irving STRAUGHN a/k/a Donald Straughn v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 21.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Oct. 7, 1983.

Arthur A. DeLano, Jr., Asst. Public Defender, Baltimore (Alan H. Murrell, Public Defender, Baltimore, on brief), for appellant.

Valerie V. Cloutier, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore (Stephen H. Sachs, Atty. Gen., Baltimore, on brief), for appellee.

Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and SMITH, ELDRIDGE, COLE, DAVIDSON, RODOWSKY and COUCH, JJ.

MURPHY, Chief Judge.

The issue in this case is whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting appellant's "mug shot" as substantive evidence of an extrajudicial photographic identification.

I

On August 23, 1981, Thomas Saunders, a special police officer with the Giant Food Corporation, was inspecting the rear of a Giant store when he noticed a broken window at the adjacent Market Tire Company store. He observed an automobile drive into the parking lot. The driver got out of the car and went into a phone booth. At this point, Saunders was able to see the man's face from a distance of about three feet. Thereafter, the driver returned to his car and drove it next to the broken window. He went into the tire store through the window, removed a number of tires, placed them in his car and drove off. Saunders wrote down the license plate number of the car. He then called the police and gave them the license plate number as well as a description of the suspect. The automobile was registered to the appellant Straughn.

Two days later, Saunders was shown ten photographs by Detective David McCamley of the Prince George's County Police Department. From the photo array, Saunders selected a picture of Straughn. The photograph was a police identification or "mug shot." On August 28, Straughn was arrested pursuant to an arrest warrant.

Straughn was tried before a jury in the Circuit Court for Prince George's County. At trial, Saunders made a positive in-court identification of the defendant. Both he and Detective McCamley testified about the pretrial photographic identification and stated that Saunders identified Straughn at that time. To corroborate the extrajudicial identification, the State offered all ten photographs from the photo array into evidence. Each photograph contained a front view and a profile of the subject, with a height chart faintly visible behind each subject. All writing and other markings on the photos were masked with opaque cardboard. The masking of the pictures took place out of the presence of the jury. No reference was made to the source of the photos; they were never referred to as "mug shots" within the hearing of the jury. Over Straughn's objection, the trial court admitted the entire photo array into evidence. The jurors were given a limiting instruction and told not to consider that the photographs had been masked. ¹ Straughn did not testify and the defense put on no evidence.

The jury found Straughn guilty of storehouse breaking and he was sentenced to ten years in prison. A timely notice of appeal was filed and in an unreported per curiam decision, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the conviction. We granted certiorari to consider the admissibility of mug shots as substantive evidence of a prior identification.

II

We have heretofore recognized the probative value of an extrajudicial photographic identification made shortly after the incident when the memory of the identifying witness is fresh and there is none of the suggestiveness inherent in an in-court identification. See Bedford v. State, 293 Md. 172, 184, 443 A.2d 78, 84 (1982). ² Furthermore, introduction of the photo array coupled with testimony about the extrajudicial identification permits the jury to evaluate the fairness of the pretrial identification procedure and to test the veracity of the identifying witness. United States ex rel. Bleimehl v. Cannon, 525 F.2d 414, 421 (7th Cir.1975). On the other hand, use of police identification photos may tend to prejudice the defendant by implying to the jury that he has a prior criminal record.

Of course, evidence of a defendant's prior criminal acts may not be introduced to prove that he is guilty of the offense for which he is on trial. Tichnell v. State, 287 Md. 695, 415 A.2d 830 (1980); State v. Jones, 284 Md. 232, 395 A.2d 1182 (1979); Cross v. State, 282 Md. 468, 386 A.2d 757 (1978); McKnight v. State, 280 Md. 604, 375 A.2d 551 (1977); Ross v. State, 276 Md. 664, 350 A.2d 680 (1976). There are two reasons for the rule. First, if a jury considers a defendant's prior criminal activity, it may decide to convict and punish him for having a criminal disposition. Second, a jury might infer that because the defendant has committed crimes in the past, he is more likely to have committed the crime for which he is being tried. Tichnell, supra, 287 Md. at 711, 415 A.2d 830. Consequently, any probative value that the evidence might have is outweighed by the potential prejudice to the defendant and is properly excluded. Evidence of a defendant's prior crimes may be admissible, however, if it is independently relevant. ³ Nevertheless, such evidence is not per se admissible in all circumstances. The trial court has discretion to exclude admissible independently relevant evidence of prior crimes. Cross, supra, 282 Md. at 474, 386 A.2d 757. In the exercise of its discretion, the trial court must weigh carefully the need for and the probative value of the evidence against the potential prejudice to the defendant. Id. See McCormick on Evidence, § 190 (2d ed. 1972). The issue of the admissibility of the mug shots in this case must be determined in light of this analysis.

Police identification photographs are recognized in Maryland as independently relevant substantive evidence which may be introduced under certain circumstances. ⁴ Bowman, Brooks & Harris v. State, 16 Md.App. 384, 297 A.2d 323 (1972), cert. denied, 268 Md. 749 (1973); Austin v. State, 3 Md.App. 231, 238 A.2d 569 (1968), rev'd on other grounds, 253 Md. 313, 252 A.2d 797 (1969). See 1 Jones on Evidence § 4:18 (6th ed. 1972). As a general rule, the admissibility of photographs in a criminal case is a discretionary matter for the trial court. Clarke v. State, 238 Md. 11, 207 A.2d 456 (1965); Cook v. State, 225 Md. 603, 171 A.2d 460 (1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 970, 82 S.Ct. 445, 7 L.Ed.2d 398 (1962); Corens v. State, 185 Md. 561, 45 A.2d 340 (1946); Consol. Gas Co. v. Smith, 109 Md. 186, 72 A. 651 (1909). The rule applies to police identification photographs. Therefore, the decision of a trial court to admit mug shots of a defendant as substantive evidence will not be reversed absent a showing of a clear abuse of discretion. E.g., State v. Woods, 171 Conn. 610, 370 A.2d 1080 (1976); State v. Robertson, 172 Conn. 9, 372 A.2d 128 (1976); State v. Davison, 245 N.W.2d 321 (Iowa 1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 955, 97 S.Ct. 1600, 51 L.Ed.2d 805 (1977); Hildebrandt v. State, 507 P.2d 1323 (Okla.Cr.App.1973). In the exercise of its discretion, the trial court must balance the probative value of the mug shots against their prejudicial impact on the defendant. See, e.g. United States v. Johnson, 623 F.2d 339 (4th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 957, 101 S.Ct. 366, 66 L.Ed.2d 222 (1981); State v. Woods, 171 Conn. 610, 370 A.2d 1080 (1976); People v. Jones, 34 Ill.App.3d 103, 339 N.E.2d 485 (1975), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 953, 96 S.Ct. 3179, 49 L.Ed.2d 1192 (1976); State v. Hatcher, 277 N.C. 380, 177 S.E.2d 892 (1970).

There are no guidelines among state court decisions which would assist a trial court in deciding whether mug shots should be admitted in a particular case. Some federal courts, however, have adopted the three prong test set forth in United States v. Harrington, 490 F.2d 487 (2d Cir.1973). ⁵ To be admissible:

"1. The Government must have a demonstrable need to introduce the photographs; and

2. The photographs themselves, if shown to the jury, must not imply that the defendant has a prior criminal record; and

3. The manner of introduction at trial must be such that it does not draw particular attention to the source or implications of the photographs." Id. at 494.

The appellant argues that the Harrington test should be viewed as a set of rigid prerequisites to admissibility, failure to meet any one of which would preclude the use of the mug shots. There is some language in the case to support this view. ⁶ Subsequent decisions interpreting Harrington appear to indicate, however, that the test is properly viewed as a series of factors to be balanced and applied in light of the totality of the circumstances. ⁷ In its most recent reexamination of the test, the Second Circuit used the three Harrington factors as part of a balancing test to determine whether the prejudicial impact of the mug shots outweighed their probative value. United States v. Oliver, 626 F.2d 254 (2d Cir.1980). The Fourth Circuit has not applied the Harrington test; instead, it carefully balanced all of the factors that might prejudice the defendant. United States v. Johnson, 623 F.2d 339 (4th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 957, 101 S.Ct. 366, 66 L.Ed.2d 222 (1981).

We think this is the better view. The Harrington test is difficult to apply. Using the factors as a rigid standard would be inconsistent with the discretion vested in the trial judge. The Harrington test is more useful as a guide to trial courts by directing attention to the types of factors to be considered when deciding whether to admit mug shots as substantive evidence in connection with an extrajudicial photographic identification.

III

Turning to the particular facts of this case, we think it clear that the admission in evidence of the mug shots was not an abuse of the trial judge's discretion. There was a real need for the evidence in this case. The prime issue at trial was the identity of the person who committed the crime. The entire photographic array was introduced in an...