Strawn v. Missouri

• Decision Date: 15 December 1999
• Docket Number: No. 99-1850,99-1850
• Citation: 210 F.3d 954
• Parties: (8th Cir. 2000) Lauren Strawn, also known as Lauren S., by and through co-guardians Karl C. & Laurie C.; Karl Crawford, also known as Karl C., Parent; Laurie Crawford, also known as Laurie C., parent, Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. Missouri State Board of Education; Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Defendants/Appellees, Missouri School for the Severely Handicapped; Missouri School for the Deaf, Defendants. Submitted:
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 954

210 F.3d 954 (8th Cir. 2000)

Lauren Strawn, also known as Lauren S., by and through co-guardians Karl C. & Laurie C.; Karl Crawford, also known as Karl C., Parent; Laurie Crawford, also known as Laurie C., parent, Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. Missouri State Board of Education; Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Defendants/Appellees, Missouri School for the Severely Handicapped; Missouri School for the Deaf, Defendants.

No. 99-1850

United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

Submitted: December 15, 1999

Filed: April 26, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri. [Copyrighted Material Omitted] Before BEAM and HEANEY, Circuit Judges, and KYLE,¹ District Judge.

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

Lauren Strawn appeals the district court's entry of judgment for the State of Missouri on her Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) claim. We reverse.

BACKGROUND

Lauren was born in 1979. She has multiple disabilities, including profound deafness, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and spastic quadraparesis. In 1984, Lauren's parents, Laurie and Karl Crawford, sought her admission to the Missouri School for the Deaf. However, Lauren was deemed ineligible for admission because a psychological evaluation revealed that she had severe delays, lack of age-appropriate self-help skills, and a functioning level of moderate retardation. Lauren was then placed with the Missouri State Schools for the Severely Handicapped where she received an Individualized Education Program (IEP) from 1985 to 1993. During this time, Lauren's parents received annual notification of Lauren's IEPs and placement, and of their right to object.

At the Missouri State Schools for the Severely Handicapped, Lauren received an education in which communication skills were neither a priority nor the subject of intensive focus. However, in 1992, Lauren was assigned to Barbara Friskey, a teacher who had some sign language ability. In November 1993, Friskey wrote in a report that Lauren had shown "sudden improvement," most likely due to her recent placement with a teacher who used some sign language. Following this report, Lauren was referred to the Missouri School for the Deaf where she enrolled in January 1994. A year later, Lauren had made significant progress in her sign language vocabulary and made marked improvement in self-care, communication and socialization skills.

In January 1995, Lauren's parents requested a resolution conference with school officials to determine whether Lauren had been denied a free appropriate public education from 1985 to 1994. ² The resolution conference decision was written by Wanda McPheron, the Assistant Superintendent for the Missouri State Schools for the Severely Handicapped. McPheron concluded that Lauren had received a free appropriate public education. Nonetheless, in an effort to settle the matter, she awarded Lauren two years of compensatory education.

Lauren's parents then requested a due process hearing before a three-member state administrative panel. The due process panel unanimously decided that Lauren had not received a free appropriate public education, but, again, only awarded two years of compensatory education. Lauren's parents then brought this action in federal district court, seeking one year of compensatory education for every year in which Lauren did not receive a free appropriate public education. The district court reversed the state panel, holding that the action brought by Lauren's parents was untimely because it was barred by the equitable doctrine of laches.³ The district court also held that Lauren had received a free appropriate public education. Lauren appeals.

DISCUSSION

A. Was Lauren's Claim Timely?

The IDEA has no statute of limitations for seeking administrative review of an IEP or placement decision. When a federal law contains no statute of limitations, courts may borrow from the most closely analogous state statute of limitations unless doing so would frustrate the policy embodied in the federal law on which the claim is based. See Aaron v. Brown Group, Inc., 80 F.3d 1220, 1223 (8th Cir. 1996). If no state statute of limitations passes muster, courts may apply the equitable doctrine of laches. See DelCostello v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 162 (1983).

The district court applied laches because it determined that there was no Missouri statute of limitations that provided an appropriate balance between the interests of the parties and the legislative goals of the IDEA. The district court alternatively held that the most appropriate statute of limitations to apply would be the Missouri Human Rights Act. See Mo. Ann. Stat. 213.111. After conducting de novo review on this question of law, we endorse the district court's alternative holding.⁴

In an IDEA claim for compensatory education, we apply the two-year statute of limitations for Missouri Human Rights Act claims because a civil rights claim is the most closely analogous cause of action and a two-year period does not frustrate the federal policy embodied in the IDEA. Lauren agrees that an IDEA claim is closely analogous to a civil rights claim, but argues for application of Missouri's five-year "catch-all" statute of limitations for personal actions. See Mo. Ann. Stat. 516.120(4). According to Lauren, the five-year statute should apply because it has been applied to claims brought under 42 U.S.C. 1983-another federal civil rights law that does not have a statute of limitations. See Garrett v. Clarke, 147 F.3d 745, 746 (8th Cir. 1998) (applying Mo. Rev. Stat. 516.120(4) to a section 1983 claim). We reject Lauren's contention because a five-year statute of limitations would frustrate the federal policy embodied in the IDEA.⁵

The statutory framework of the IDEA and the statute's purpose show that a five-year statute of limitations would frustrate the federal policy of quick resolution of IDEA claims. The IDEA provides for substantial parental involvement in the IEP process, annual reviews, and annual notice to parents of procedural rights. See 20 U.S.C. 1414(d)(B)(i) (parents must be part of IEP team); 20 U.S.C. 1414(d)(4)(A)(i) (annual review); 20 U.S.C. 1415(b)-(d) (notice of procedural rights). This statutory scheme mandating parental participation in an annual decision-making process demonstrates that Congress intended for parents to be actively implicated in the expeditious resolution of IDEA concerns. In addition, children protected by the IDEA benefit greatly from quick resolution of disputes because lost education is a substantial harm, and that harm is exactly what the IDEA was meant to prevent. See Murphy, 22 F.3d at 1193-94 (central federal policy of IDEA is not to lose "day after irreplaceable day of educational opportunity").

A two-year statute of limitations does not frustrate federal policy. A two-year limitation provides for relatively quick resolution of the claims so that important years of education are not lost. Two years is also not such a brief period that it undermines the IDEA policy of providing parents the opportunity to protect their disabled children's rights. See Manning, 176 F.3d at 239. Thus, we apply the two-year statute of limitations to IDEA claims.⁶

Lauren also argues that we should apply Missouri law to toll the statute of limitations while she was a minor. See Mo. Ann. Stat. 516.170. However, even if the state can be subjected to this section, we decline to apply a tolling provision for minors because tolling the statute of limitations for an entire childhood would frustrate federal policy even more than a five-year statute of limitations.⁷ See Chandler v. Presiding Judge, Callaway County, 838 F.2d 977, 980 (8th Cir. 1988) (although state statute of limitations applies, state tolling provision should not be used if inconsistent with federal policy).

We now apply the two-year statute of limitations. Because Lauren's parents first challenged her placement in January 1995, any claims that she had been denied a free appropriate public education before January 1993 are time barred. Thus, we must consider whether Lauren was denied a free appropriate public education between January 1993 and January 1994-the date she was admitted to the Missouri School for the Deaf.

B. Did Lauren Receive A Free Appropriate Public Education?

The district court held that Lauren was not entitled to compensatory education because her IEPs were reasonably calculated to enable her to receive an educational benefit. In reviewing a final determination of a state administrative panel's resolution of an IDEA claim, a district court should give "due weight" to the state proceedings. See Fort Zumwalt Sch. Dist. v. Clynes, 119 F.3d 607, 610 (8th Cir. 1997). The district court must give "due weight" because the administrative panel had an opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses and because the court should not substitute its own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities that they review. See id. On appeal, whether the state has offered a free appropriate public education is a mixed question of law and fact and the district court's ultimate determination is reviewed de novo. See id. at 611. In the absence of a mistake of law, we review the district court's factual determinations for clear error. See Blackmon v. Springfield R-XII Sch. Dist., 198 F.3d 648, 655 (8th Cir. 1999).

Applying these standards, we hold that the district court erred in its determination that Lauren received a free appropriate public education. For starters, the district court does not acknowledge or reference the "due weight" standard of review. Moreover, we find that the record justifies the due process panel's decision. The panel concluded that the education Lauren received at the Missouri State Schools for the Severely Handicapped with respect to sign language instruction was "wholly deficient."...