Sugarman v. Aeromexico, Inc.

• Decision Date: 30 June 1980
• Docket Number: No. 79-2085,79-2085
• Citation: 626 F.2d 270
• Parties: Alan C. SUGARMAN, Appellant, v. AEROMEXICO, INC., Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

Page 270

626 F.2d 270

Alan C. SUGARMAN, Appellant, v. AEROMEXICO, INC., Appellee.

No. 79-2085.

United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.

Argued March 21, 1980.

Decided June 30, 1980.

Alan C. Sugarman, pro se; Kathleen R. Wall, Asbury Park, N. J., on brief.

Donald Horowitz, Cummins, Dunn, Horowitz & Pashman, Hackensack, N. J., for appellee; John B. Newman, Hackensack, N. J., on brief.

Before ALDISERT and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges, and POLLAK, District Judge. ^*

LOUIS H. POLLAK, District Judge.

The question posed by this appeal is whether Aeromexico, Inc. the national airline of Mexico, and a common carrier of passengers between Mexico and the United States is shielded by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602 et seq., from responding in a court in the United States to claims of the sort here pressed against Aeromexico by a United States citizen. The essence of Alan Sugarman's claim against Aeromexico is that, in the last twenty-four hours of a trip to Mexico and return, he suffered manifold hardships injurious to his serenity, health and pocketbook by reason of an extended, unanticipated, and unexplained delay at the Acapulco airport before the departure of his Aeromexico flight back home.

Assuming proper service and venue, ¹ such a claim would fall within the subject matter jurisdiction of most nisi prius courts, state or federal, in the United States, if Aeromexico were a private enterprise. ² The critical question in this case is whether Aeromexico's public status precludes a court in the United States in this instance a federal district court from exercising the subject matter jurisdiction it would possess if Aeromexico were not a national airline.

I.

The question arises in the following way:

In November of 1978, plaintiff Sugarman filed a complaint in a federal district court in New Jersey. As to jurisdiction, Sugarman alleged that he was a citizen of New Jersey and that Aeromexico was a New York corporation. As to the merits, Sugarman alleged that "(d)efendant entered into a (c)ontract with the (p)laintiff . . . to carry plaintiff as a passenger from Mexico to Newark, New Jersey on January 2nd 1977": that "defendant failed to exercise that degree of care (required by the contract of carriage) in that it caused the plaintiff to wait for 15 hours under extremely brutal conditions"; that "defendant . . . negligently failed to alleviate same and continually caused plaintiff to wait in the airport. . . . without any facilities or adequate food"; and that "(a)s a result of being exposed to these conditions, plaintiff suffered cardiac insufficiency, angina and arrhythmia," causing him "physical pain and mental anguish," injury to his health, and loss of "time and wages."

Aeromexico, asserting by way of affidavit that it was a Mexican corporation wholly-owned by the Mexican government, moved for summary judgment on grounds of sovereign immunity. Aeromexico pointed out (1) that 28 U.S.C. § 1604, subject to certain exceptions discussed below, lays down the general principal that "a foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States"; and (2) that 28 U.S.C. § 1603(a), defines "foreign state" to include an "agency or instrumentality of a foreign state"; and (3) that 28 U.S.C. § 1603(b), in turn defines an "agency or instrumentality of a foreign state" to include a corporation "a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by a foreign state," (provided that the corporation is not incorporated in, and hence for diversity purposes is not a citizen of, a state of the United States). Wherefore, so Aeromexico contended, it was immune from the jurisdiction of any court in the United States.

Sugarman filed a responsive affidavit asserting that a New York-based public relations officer of Aeromexico had advised Sugarman's attorney that Aeromexico "was a Mexican corporation and . . . a New York corporation." The relevance of this affidavit was that if, in addition to being a Mexican corporation, Aeromexico had been incorporated in New York, it would have fallen outside the sovereign immunity decreed by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a) and (c), and 1603(b)(3). On the ambiguous record made by the opposing affidavits, the district court quite properly denied Aeromexico's motion for summary judgment "without prejudice." Thereafter, Aeromexico submitted a further affidavit enclosing a letter from New York's Secretary of State certifying that Aeromexico was not to be found on the roster of New York corporations.

With the record thus amplified, the district court once again considered Aeromexico's motion for summary judgment.

First, the court concluded, as it was bound to do, that Aeromexico was an "agency or instrumentality of a foreign state."

Next, the district court considered Sugarman's submission that, notwithstanding Aeromexico's status as an "agency or instrumentality" of the Republic of Mexico, Aeromexico was not in this instance immune from suit for the reason that Sugarman's claim against Aeromexico was embraced by at least one of the exceptions to immunity contained in 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2). That section provides as follows:

(a) A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the United States or of the States in any case

(2) in which the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state; or upon an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere; or upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States;

Reading section 1605(a)(2) against the meager factual recitals in Sugarman's complaint, the district court concluded that none of the three clauses, had application:

Clauses one and two of § 1605(a)(2) cannot qualify as the exceptions upon which jurisdiction over Aeromexico is obtained. The action is not based on commercial activity, but rather a tortious (sic ) act that did not take place in the United States. The first half of clause three of § 1605(a)(2) is met, but what of the final criterion of clause three the act must cause a direct effect in the United States.

I conclude that causing injury to American citizens abroad is simply not a direct enough effect.

Opinion of July 19, 1979 at p. 3; reproduced in Appendix for Appellant, p. 36a.

II.

A.

We agree with the district court that clauses two and three of section 1605(a) (2) afford no basis for piercing the immunity which, prima facie, Aeromexico derives from its sovereign parent. And, if we felt confined by the recitals in the complaint, standing alone, we would acknowledge that the complaint does not provide very sturdy underpinning for a finding that Sugarman's claim is "based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States," as called for by the first clause of section 1605(a)(2). To be sure, the first paragraph of the complaint alleges Aeromexico operations in New York ³ which plainly constitute "commercial activity carried on in the United States," ⁴ but the balance of the complaint leaves somewhat opaque the respects in which Sugarman's claim is allegedly "based upon" Aeromexico's operations in New York or any other state.

In any event, the complaint is not the only source of information which may be consulted in ruling on a motion for summary judgment. The record contains other information which tends to show a nexus between Sugarman's grievance and Aeromexico's "commercial activity carried on in the United States": The delayed flight from Acapulco Aeromexico's flight No. 404 was bound for New York City. ⁵ Flight 404 was Sugarman's "return trip" ⁶ i. e., the homeward portion of a round-trip flight from the United States to Mexico and return. Moreover, Sugarman's tickets were purchased at a travel agency in Eatontown, New Jersey. ⁷ Accordingly, we conclude that Sugarman's claim was "based upon a commercial activity carried on (by Aeromexico) in the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2) (clause 1). At a time when Aeromexico was conducting airline operations in the United States as a common carrier, Sugarman in his home state purchased Aeromexico tickets to Mexico and return. The events complained of were alleged to have transpired at the mid-point of the round-trip passage, and the claimed injury is said to have caused continuing suffering and economic loss to Sugarman after he got back home. The only way in which the first clause of 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2) could be read not to comprehend Sugarman's claim against Aeromexico is to construe the phrase "in which the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States" to be a requirement that the particular misconduct complained of take place "in the United States." But so limiting a construction is belied by the very next clause, which excepts from immunity an action "based . . . upon an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere." When Congress intended to limit the acts subjected to liability to acts carried out (or, as in the third clause, having direct effects) in the United States, the statute makes that limitation clear. It is a limitation that would be expected perhaps even required by due process considerations when, as in the situations addressed in the second and third clauses, the underlying "commercial activity of the foreign state" takes place not in the United States but "elsewhere." Compare Upton v. Empire of Iran, 459 F.Supp. 264 (D.D.C.1978); Yessenin-Volpin v. Novosti Press Agency, 443 F.Supp. 849 (S.D.N.Y.1978). It is a limitation not to be expected and surely not required by due process considerations when the acts complained of, although themselves extraterritorial, grow out of "a regular...