Summerford v. State

• Decision Date: 12 February 1985
• Docket Number: 5 Div. 946
• Citation: 466 So.2d 182
• Parties: Mark Ed SUMMERFORD v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 182

466 So.2d 182

Mark Ed SUMMERFORD v. STATE.

5 Div. 946.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

Feb. 12, 1985.

G. Houston Howard II of Howard, Dunn, Howard & Howard, Wetumpka, for appellant.

Charles A. Graddick, Atty. Gen., and Bernard B. Carr, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

BOWEN, Presiding Judge.

This is an appeal from the denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus. Petitioner alleges that he was denied procedural due process in a prison disciplinary proceeding which resulted in the loss of two weeks' store privilege and two weeks' extra duty.

Specifically, petitioner alleges that the disciplinary report does not show that the testimony of the arresting officer was presented under oath, that there was no substantial evidence offered to support the charge, and that the statement by the factfinders of the evidence relied on and the reasons for the disciplinary action does not satisfy the requirements of Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974).

We express no opinion on the merits of petitioner's claims since we conclude that the procedural due process requirements of Wolff v. McDonnell simply do not apply to the deprivations suffered by petitioner here. The procedures outlined by the United States Supreme Court in Wolff are triggered either by the loss of good time credits or by major changes in the conditions of confinement, such as the imposition of disciplinary segregation, neither of which petitioner encountered.

"Here, [referring to solitary confinement] as in the case of good time, there should be minimum procedural safeguards as a hedge against arbitrary determination of the factual predicate for imposition of the sanction. We do not suggest, however, that the procedures required by today's decision for the deprivation of good time would also be required for the imposition of lesser penalties such as the loss of privileges."

Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 571-72 n. 19, 94 S.Ct. 2982 n. 19.

Although some lower federal courts have extended the protections guaranteed by Wolff to disciplinaries resulting only in the loss of privileges, see, e.g., Ward v. Johnson, 667 F.2d 1126 (4th Cir.1981) (loss of recreational privileges), neither the United States Supreme Court interpreting the federal writ of habeas corpus nor the Alabama Supreme Court interpreting our State habeas remedy has required Wolff procedures for the mere deprivation of privileges. See Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 323, 96 S.Ct. 1551, 1560, 47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976). Petitioner directs our attention to Helveston v. State, 454 So.2d 1051 (Ala.Cr.App.1984), wherein we applied the Wolff procedural requirements to a disciplinary resulting in deprivations less drastic than removal of good time credits. Concurring specially in Helveston, Judge Taylor observed the following:

"This disciplinary proceeding did not result in the loss of good time. It should be noted that we are here accepting a petition for writ of habeas corpus challenging disciplinary proceedings which do not involve the loss of good time and which do not affect the liberty status of the inmate."

While the petitioner in Helveston did not lose good time, he did receive "90 days in the segregation unit" in addition to the withdrawal of certain privileges. We judged his disciplinary hearing in light of Wolff procedures because as, the Supreme Court observed in Wolff, either the loss of good time or disciplinary confinement triggers the due process requirements mandated in that case. Even prior to Helveston, we indicated that loss of good time was not the sole occurrence which would trigger the requirements of Wolff. In Fielding v. State, 409 So.2d 964 (Ala.Cr.App.1981), we noted that, even if the withdrawal of petitioner's good time were ignored, the minimum requirements of due process would apply to his disciplinary, because his custody classification was changed from minimum to maximum. 409 So.2d at 965. Thus, Helveston is neither a departure from the established principles of procedural due process enunciated in Wolff nor from the prior pronouncements of this court.

The initial inquiry in any prison disciplinary case is whether the deprivation suffered by the inmate amounted to the denial of a "liberty interest" within the meaning of the due process clause. Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223-24, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 2537-38, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976). Answering this inquiry as it related to prisoners transferred from one State prison to another prison with less favorable conditions, the United States Supreme Court declared:

"We reject at the outset the notion that any grievous loss visited upon a person by the State is sufficient to invoke the procedural protections of the Due Process Clause....

"Similarly, we cannot agree that any change in the conditions of confinement having a substantial adverse impact on the prisoner involved is sufficient to invoke the protections of the Due Process Clause."

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"[T]o hold as we are urged to do that any substantial deprivation imposed by prison authorities triggers the procedural protections of the Due Process Clause would subject to judicial review a wide spectrum of discretionary actions that traditionally have been the business of prison administrators rather than of the federal courts."

Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. at 224, 225, 96 S.Ct. at 2538 (emphasis in original). The "liberty interest" test consistently applied by the Court to inmate deprivation is as follows:

" '[A]s long as the conditions or degree of confinement to which the prisoner is subjected is within the sentence imposed upon him and is not otherwise violative of the Constitution, the Due Process Clause does not in itself subject an inmate's treatment by prison authorities to judicial oversight.' Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 242 [96 S.Ct. 2543, 2547, 49 L.Ed.2d 466] (1976). See also Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 493 [100 S.Ct. 1254, 1263, 63 L.Ed.2d 552] (1980)."

Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 468, 103 S.Ct. 864, 870, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983). In Hewitt v. Helms, supra, the inmate was removed from his cell, placed in non-disciplinary administrative segregation, and questioned regarding his role in a prison riot. Following the questioning, he was put in restrictive confinement pending an investigation of those responsible for the riot. Rejecting the argument that the inmate's temporary segregation called for the full panoply of procedural rights outlined in Wolff, the Court concluded that the inmate was merely due "some notice" of...