Swerdloff v. Mobil Oil Corp.

• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division
• Writing for the Court: Before TITONE; PER CURIAM
• Citation: Swerdloff v. Mobil Oil Corp., 74 A.D.2d 258, 427 N.Y.S.2d 266 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
• Decision Date: 28 April 1980
• Parties: Mitchell SWERDLOFF et al., Appellants, v. MOBIL OIL CORPORATION et al., Respondents (and a second title).

Page 266

427 N.Y.S.2d 266

74 A.D.2d 258

Mitchell SWERDLOFF et al., Appellants, v. MOBIL OIL CORPORATION et al., Respondents (and a second title).

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department.

April 28, 1980.

Richard Creditor, Forest Hills, for appellants.

Putney, Twombly, Hall & Hirson, New York City (Charles O. Strahley, New York City, of counsel), for respondents.

Before TITONE, J. P., and GULOTTA, MARGETT and O'CONNOR, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In the first and fourth causes of action, plaintiffs seek damages for breach of an alleged oral contract of dealership for a gasoline service station and for specific performance thereof. (The other causes of action had previously been dismissed and are not before this court.) At the close of the plaintiffs' case, Special Term dismissed the first and fourth causes of action on the ground that the alleged oral agreement is barred by the Statute of Frauds. We affirm.

1.

We agree with the trial court's holding that the parol evidence rule mandates striking the testimony of oral conversations prior to the May 7, 1976 signing of the employment agreement between plaintiff Mitchell Swerdloff and defendant Station Managers, Inc. (SMI), Mobil's subsidiary, since Mobil's "rights depend(ed) upon the instrument even though (it was) not (a) part(y) to it" (see Oxford Commercial Corp. v. Landau, 12 N.Y.2d 362, 365-366, 239 N.Y.S.2d 865, 867, 190 N.E.2d 230, 231).

We also agree with the trial court's conclusion that the alleged oral promise by Mobil that Mr. Swerdloff would be granted a dealership of the Great Neck station if and when it would be converted from an SMI station (pursuant to a managership contract wherein SMI appointed Swerdloff as manager) to a straight dealership, was unenforceable since it necessarily involved the purchase of more than $500 of gasoline (see Uniform Commercial Code, § 2-201).

2.

There remains for determination the issue of promissory estoppel, which was not determined by the trial court, whose judgment stated that the first and fourth causes of action were "dismissed on the ground * * * (of) the Statutes of Fraud".

For two years plaintiff Mitchell Swerdloff remained as manager of the SMI station (selling Mobil gasoline and other products) under a written agreement providing for employment at will by either party. Since the court dismissed the pertinent causes of action at the close of plaintiffs' case, the testimony of plaintiffs and their witness Ruestow to the following effect remained essentially uncontradicted: that Mr. Swerdloff failed to carry out his desire (as allegedly expressed to persons in various levels of the Mobil hierarchy) to terminate his SMI agreement of managership, based on his reliance on promises made by Mobil personnel that if he continued as manager he would obtain the dealership when the station was converted to such status.

Plaintiffs' claim of promissory estoppel against defendants' assertion of the Statute of Frauds is based on three sets of circumstances. One is that during the first week of his employment as manager, Mr. Swerdloff had encountered bookkeeping problems far beyond what he had been led to expect, as a result of which he advised Mobil personnel that "I couldn't go on under these conditions any longer. I told them I wanted to leave * * * under these conditions." He was prevailed upon to remain (he testified) because he was again assured that he "would become the dealer at that location when the conversion took place" and because "they said we can help relieve (you) * * * by getting you a bookkeeper". Defendants obtained a bookkeeper and contributed $60 a week toward her salary, and plaintiffs made no further complaints about bookkeeping.

The second basis for estoppel claimed by Mr. Swerdloff is that about a year after the inception of his employment he advised Mobil mid-level personnel that he "had other opportunities to leave to go on to other areas or other businesses" and that he "had been waiting an awfully long time for this agreement to be lived up to." He testified, in particular, that he passed up the opportunity to buy a half interest in an insurance agency in the Bronx because of his belief that Mobil was committed to advancing his status from manager to dealer.

The third basis for alleged estoppel, the one stated by plaintiffs to be "most important of all", is that Mr. Swerdloff "worked endless hours (and) * * * continued to labor industriously in order to build good will and a profitable business * * * not to benefit a subsequent dealer * * * but to insure his own personal well being at the time when this station was to be given to him as a dealership."

3.

There are two categories of cases involving promissory estoppel where it is contended that reliance on a promise (as distinguished from reliance on an express or implied statement of fact ) is the basis of a legal right. One is where promissory estoppel is resorted to as a substitute for consideration, and is expressed by section 90 of the Restatement of Contracts Second (Tent. Drafts Nos. 1-7, ch. 4, topic 2, entitled, "Contracts Without Consideration"). It states:

"Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance

"(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justice requires."

However, the doctrine expressed in section 90 has not been the law of New York, with narrow exceptions based on unusual circumstances ^*.

The other category, the one involved herein, is where promissory estoppel is alleged to bar the assertion of the Statute of Frauds. It is set forth in section 217A of the Restatement of Contracts Second. That section, together with the initial part of Comment (a) thereon, is as follows:

"Enforcement by Virtue of Action in Reliance

"(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce the action or forbearance is enforceable notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach is to be limited as justice requires.

"(2) In determining whether injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise, the following circumstances are significant:

(a) the availability and adequacy of other remedies, particularly cancellation and restitution;

(b) the definite and substantial character of the action or forbearance in relation to the remedy sought;

(c) the extent to which the action or forbearance corroborates evidence of the making and terms of the promise, or the making and terms are otherwise established by clear and convincing evidence;

(d) the reasonableness of the action or forbearance;

(e) the extent to which the action or forbearance was foreseeable by the promisor.

"Comment:

"a. Relation to other rules. This Section is complementary to § 90, which dispenses with the requirement of consideration if the same conditions are met, but it also applies to promises supported by consideration."

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