Taggi v. U.S.

Decision Date12 September 1994
Docket NumberD,No. 1793,1793
Citation35 F.3d 93
Parties65 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1347, 65 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 43,245, 74 A.F.T.R.2d 94-6300, 94-2 USTC P 50,470 Albert J. TAGGI & Ann D. Taggi, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee. ocket 94-6008.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Charles A. Bradley, White Plains, NY (McCullough, Goldberger & Staudt, of counsel), for plaintiffs-appellants.

Judith L. Mogul, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York City (Mary Jo White, U.S. Atty., S.D.N.Y., Gabriel W. Gorenstein, Asst. U.S. Atty., of counsel), for defendant-appellee.

Before NEWMAN, Chief Judge, VAN GRAAFEILAND and LEVAL, Circuit Judges.

VAN GRAAFEILAND, Circuit Judge:

Albert J. Taggi and his wife, Ann, appeal from a summary judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Goettel, J.) denying their claim for a tax refund. See 835 F.Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y.1993). We affirm.

In December 1985, Albert Taggi, a long-time employee of AT & T Communications, Inc. ("AT & T"), was told that his employment would be terminated as part of a general reduction in AT & T's workforce. He was offered a choice of two termination payment plans. Under one option, he would receive a lump sum "termination payment" equal to three percent of his base pay, multiplied by the number of years he had worked for AT & T, up to twenty. Under the other, he would receive a lump sum "termination payment" of five percent of his base pay, multiplied by his years of service, up to twenty. The sole difference in the two plans was that AT & T conditioned receipt of the higher payment on the signing of a Separation Agreement and Release which purported to be a "full legal release."

The Separation Agreement and Release provided in pertinent part that the signatory employee gave up "any and all claims ... and causes of action with respect to, or arising out of" the employee's employment or termination of employment, including but not limited to "claims arising under federal, state, or local laws prohibiting age, sex, race or any other forms of discrimination or claims growing out of any legal restrictions on the Company's right to terminate its employees."

Taggi signed the Separation Agreement and Release on December 24, 1985 and participated thereafter in the higher payment plan. The Taggis treated the full termination payment of approximately $49,500 as income on their 1986 federal tax return.

In 1987 Taggi and eleven other terminated managers sued AT & T in the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. Secs. 621-634 (the "ADEA"). The district court dismissed their complaint, holding that the releases were valid and that the managers had waived their rights to sue AT & T. This Court affirmed. See Bormann v. AT & T Communications, Inc., 875 F.2d 399 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 924, 110 S.Ct. 292, 107 L.Ed.2d 272 (1989).

Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a claim for a refund of overpaid tax for 1986 totalling $7,649.40. They asserted that the additional two percent of Albert's base pay that he received from AT & T for his choice of the second termination payment option should have been excluded from their 1986 income as "damages received (whether by suit or agreement ...) on account of personal injuries or sickness" under section 104(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code. After the IRS disallowed their claim, the Taggis brought the instant action.

Section 61(a) of the Internal Revenue Code states that except as otherwise provided, "gross income means all income from whatever source derived." 26 U.S.C. Sec. 61(a). The Supreme Court long has held that this definition is to be given liberal construction "in recognition of the intention of Congress to tax all gains except those specifically exempted." Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 430, 75 S.Ct. 473, 476, 99 L.Ed. 483 (1955). Thus, while it is well-established that section 61(a) is to be broadly construed, it is equally well-established that exclusions from income are to be narrowly construed. See Commissioner v. Jacobson, 336 U.S. 28, 49, 69 S.Ct. 358, 369, 93 L.Ed. 477 (1949); United States v. Centennial Savings Bank FSB, 499 U.S. 573, 583-84, 111 S.Ct. 1512, 1518-19, 113 L.Ed.2d 608 (1991). A taxpayer claiming an exclusion from income bears the burden of proving that his claim falls within an exclusionary provision of the Code. See Galligan v. Commissioner, 66 T.C.M. (CCH) 1669, 1671, 1993 WL 526964 (1993); Gunderson v. Commissioner, 38 T.C.M. (CCH) 464, 465, 1979 WL 3189 (1979); Anderson v. Commissioner, 38 T.C.M. (CCH) 1206, 1208, 1979 WL 3368 (1979).

The exclusion relied on by appellants in the instant case, 26 U.S.C. Sec. 104(a)(2), reads as follows:

Sec. 104. Compensation for injuries or sickness

(a) In general.-- ... gross income does not include--

....

(2) the amount of any damages received (whether by suit or agreement and whether as lump sums or as periodic payments) on account of personal injuries or sickness;

....

Treasury Regulation Sec. 1.104-1(c) provides:

(c) Damages received on account of personal injuries or sickness. Section 104(a)(2) excludes from gross income the amount of any damages received (whether by suit or agreement) on account of personal injuries or sickness. The term "damages received (whether by suit or agreement)" means an amount received (other than workmen's compensation) through prosecution of a legal suit or action based upon tort or tort type rights, or through a settlement agreement entered into in lieu of such prosecution.

26 C.F.R. Sec. 1.104-1(c).

Because no prosecution of a suit for personal injuries preceded Taggi's execution of the five-percent-of-pay agreement, his right to exclude a portion of this payment from his gross income depends upon whether the agreement constituted a "settlement agreement ... in lieu of such prosecution." The answer to this question depends, of course, upon the meaning of the term "settlement agreement" in the context in which it appears. A word or phrase may take on a different meaning depending upon the setting in which it is used. See Patmon, Young & Kirk, Professional Corp. v. Commissioner, 536 F.2d 142, 144 (6th Cir.1976); Musselman Hub-Brake Co. v. Commissioner, 139 F.2d 65, 68 (6th Cir.1943). Indeed, the concepts employed in construing one section of a statute are not necessarily pertinent when construing another section of the same statute. Rohmer v. Commissioner, 153 F.2d 61, 65 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 328 U.S. 862, 66 S.Ct. 1367, 90 L.Ed. 1632 (1946). See AMP, Inc. v. United States, 492 F.Supp. 27, 32 (M.D.Pa.1979) (citing Don E. Williams v. Commissioner, 429 U.S. 569, 97 S.Ct. 850, 51 L.Ed.2d 48 (1977)); see also Conforte v. Commissioner 92 F.2d 587, 591 (9th Cir.1982). Where the issue is an asserted exclusion from taxable income, it is imperative that a "settlement agreement" involve a bona fide dispute. This prevents the use of a contrived "settlement" designed to avoid taxation of the proceeds. See, e.g., Knuckles v. Commissioner, 23 T.C.M. (CCH) 182, 184-85, 1964 WL 576 (1964), aff'd, 349 F.2d 610, 613 (10th Cir.1965).

As generally used in the field of litigation, "[a] settlement is an agreement to terminate or forestall all or part of a lawsuit." Gorman v. Holte, 164 Cal.App.3d 984, 211 Cal.Rptr. 34, 37 (1985). It is " 'the conclusion of a disputed or unliquidated claim, and attendant differences between the parties, through a contract in which they agree to mutual concessions in order to avoid resolving their controversy through a course of litigation.' " McCleary v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 913 F.2d 257, 259 (5th Cir.1990) (quoting Priem v. Shires, 697 S.W.2d 860, 863 n. 3 (Tex.App.--Austin, 1985, no writ)). For income tax purposes, no less should be required.

The Tax Court consistently has stressed the importance of a bona fide dispute over excludable damages. See, e.g., Glynn v. Commissioner, 76 T.C. 116, 121, 1981 WL 11320 (1981) ("Here, no claim for personal injury was ever made."), aff'd, 676 F.2d 682 (1st Cir.1982); Whitehead v. Commissioner, 41 T.C.M. (CCH) 365, 368, 1980 WL 4334 (1980) ("Furthermore, there was no evidence presented that petitioner asserted any tort claims during the settlement negotiations with the university."); Anderson v. Commissioner, supra, 38 T.C.M. (CCH) at 1208 ("Dr. Anderson never made such a claim or represented to Leasure that such a claim was contemplated by him [for defamation or loss of reputation].").

The following excerpt from Kurowski v. Commissioner, 917 F.2d 1033, 1036 (7th Cir.1990), illustrates the proper application of this rule:

Except for after-the-fact self-serving testimony by the taxpayer, nothing in the record shows that the settlement was to compensate taxpayer for any "personal injuries or sickness" within Section 104(a)(2) of the Code. Indeed, no such claim had...

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