Taylor v. Commonwealth

• Decision Date: 27 January 2015
• Docket Number: Record No. 2213–13–3.
• Citation: 767 S.E.2d 721,64 Va. App. 282
• Parties: Rebecca K. TAYLOR, s/k/a Rebecca Knight Taylor v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

64 Va.App. 282

767 S.E.2d 721

Rebecca K. TAYLOR, s/k/a Rebecca Knight Taylor

v.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 2213–13–3.

Court of Appeals of Virginia, Lexington.

Jan. 27, 2015.

R. Shannon Kite (Cook Attorneys, P.C., Harrisonburg, on brief), for appellant.

Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: PETTY, BEALES and DECKER, JJ.

Opinion

PETTY, Judge.

Rebecca K. Taylor was convicted of battery pursuant to Code § 18.2–57. On appeal, she argues (1) the trial court erred in denying her motion to strike and in failing to grant her motion to set aside the verdict as to the sufficiency of the evidence regarding the battery charge because the conduct did not exceed the bounds of lawful parental discipline; and (2) the trial court erred in denying her motion to set aside the verdict because the misdemeanor was not timely prosecuted under Code § 19.2–8.¹ For the reasons stated below, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.

I. Background

“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’ ” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va.App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987) ).

So viewed, the record establishes that on April 15, 2013, a grand jury indicted Taylor for felony child endangerment in violation of Code § 40.1–103. The indictment alleged that the offense occurred between January 1, 2011 and February 23, 2012. On September 25, 2013, a bench trial was held on the charge. Taylor made a motion to strike at the conclusion of the Commonwealth's evidence. She renewed her motion to strike at the conclusion of the defense's case. The trial court overruled the motion to strike. At the conclusion of the trial, the court withheld judgment and continued the case until September 30, 2013 for the purpose of reviewing relevant precedent on the matters before it.

On September 30, 2013, the trial court held that the evidence was insufficient to convict Taylor of the charged crime of child endangerment; however, it held that the evidence was sufficient to convict Taylor of the misdemeanor offense of battery under Code § 18.2–57, which it concluded was a lesser-included offense of child endangerment. No warrant, bench or otherwise, was issued against Taylor on that misdemeanor charge. Taylor then made a motion to set aside the verdict, objecting to the sufficiency of the evidence and the trial court's ruling that battery is a lesser-included offense of Code § 40.1–103.² Taylor also alleged that even if battery is a lesser-included offense of child endangerment, prosecution of that misdemeanor was commenced more than one year from the date of the offense and thus was barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court denied the motion, found Taylor guilty of battery, and sentenced her to eight months of incarceration. Taylor appeals that conviction here.

II. Analysis

Taylor argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to set aside the verdict because the misdemeanor was not timely prosecuted pursuant to Code § 19.2–8. We agree.

“Whether a claim is barred by the statute of limitations is a question of law. This Court ‘review[s] questions of law de novo. ’ ” Tuck v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 47 Va.App. 276, 284, 623 S.E.2d 433, 437 (2005) (quoting Tomes v. James City Fire, 39 Va.App. 424, 430, 573 S.E.2d 312, 315 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Furthermore, when reviewing the statutory language, “we must give effect to the legislature's intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity.” Conyers v. Martial Arts World, 273 Va. 96, 104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007). “If a statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.” Id.

Code § 19.2–8 states, “A prosecution for a misdemeanor ... shall be commenced within one year next after there was cause therefor....” We have previously held that “[t]he issuance of a warrant commences a prosecution within the meaning of this provision.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 2 Va.App. 159, 162, 342 S.E.2d 640, 641 (1986) (citing Ange v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 861, 862, 234 S.E.2d 64, 65 (1977) ); cf. Phillips v. Commonwealth, 257 Va. 548, 553, 514 S.E.2d 340, 343 (1999) (noting that a prosecution “is the process in which an accused is brought to justice from the time a formal accusation is made through trial and final judgment in a court of appropriate jurisdiction”). This case, however, presents an issue not yet considered by the courts of the Commonwealth of Virginia: whether one can be convicted of a lesser offense upon a prosecution for a greater crime, which includes the lesser offense, commenced after the limitations period has run on the lesser offense.

In Hall, we held that the Commonwealth's prosecution of the defendant for a lesser-included misdemeanor was not barred by the statute of limitations because the warrant and subsequent indictment charging the defendant with a greater felony was commenced within the statute of limitations for the misdemeanor. Hall, 2 Va.App. at 162–63, 342 S.E.2d at 641–42. In dicta, we left open the resolution of the issue presented in this case, noting in a footnote that “most authorities agree that the commencement of a felony prosecution after the running of the limitation period for a necessarily included misdemeanor offense would result in a bar to a conviction for the necessarily included lesser offense.” Id. at 162 n. 2, 342 S.E.2d at 641 n. 2.

Although we have not had an occasion to consider this issue, the overwhelming majority of American courts that have addressed it have concluded that one cannot be convicted of a lesser-included offense upon a prosecution for the greater crime when the prosecution is commenced after the limitations period has run on the lesser offense. See Waters v. United States, 328 F.2d 739 (10th Cir.1964) ; Askins v. United States, 251 F.2d 909 (D.C.Cir.1958) ; Spears v. State, 26 Ala.App. 376, 160 So. 727 (1935) ; Padie v. State, 557 P.2d 1138 (Alaska 1976) ; Drott v. People, 71 Colo. 383, 206 P. 797 (1922) ; Cane v. State, 560 A.2d 1063 (Del.1989) ; Nelson v. State, 17 Fla. 195 (1879) ; State v. Brossette, 163 La. 1035, 113 So. 366 (1927) ; People v. Burt, 51 Mich. 199, 16 N.W. 378 (1883) ; Riggs v. State, 30 Miss. 635 (1856) ; State v. Chevlin, 284 S.W.2d 563 (Mo.1955) ; State v. Atlas, 75 Mont. 547, 244 P. 477 (1926) ; State v. Stillwell, 175 N.J.Super. 244, 418 A.2d 267 (Ct.App.Div.1980) ; People v. Di Pasquale, 161 A.D. 196, 146 N.Y.S. 523 (1914) ; State v. Price , 1998 WL 896358, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 6266 (Ohio Ct.App.1998) ; Osborn v. State, 86 Okla.Crim. 259, 194 P.2d 176 (1948) (recognizing without explicitly affirming the general rule); Hickey v. State, 131 Tenn. 112, 174 S.W. 269 (1915) (recognizing rule, which stemmed from Tennessee statute almost identical to Code § 19.2–8 ); Fuecher v. State, 33 Tex.Crim. 22, 24 S.W. 292 (1893) ; State v. King, 140 W.Va. 362, 84 S.E.2d 313 (1954). In fact, Georgia appears to be the only state that permits such a conviction without a statute expressly allowing it. See Manning v. State, 123 Ga.App. 844, 182 S.E.2d 690, 691 (1971).³

Recognizing the overwhelming authority supporting Taylor's argument, the Commonwealth argues that a misdemeanor prosecution was never “commenced” against Taylor within the meaning of Code § 19.2–8. Therefore, it reasons, Code § 19.2–8 does not apply. Furthermore, the Commonwealth argues that Code § 19.2–8 is in pari materia with Code § 19.2–285, and thus, they should be construed together. According to the Commonwealth, Code § 19.2–285 expressly permits a fact-finder to convict a defendant of a lesser-included part of the larger offense. That statute does not reference any time limitation. Code § 19.2–285 provides,

If a person indicted of a felony be by the jury acquitted of part of the offense charged, he shall be sentenced for such part as he is so convicted of, if the same be substantially charged in the indictment, whether it be felony or misdemeanor. If the verdict be set aside and a new trial granted the accused, he shall not be tried for any higher offense than that of which he was convicted on the last trial.

Therefore, the Commonwealth asserts, because there was no “commencement” of a prosecution under Code § 19.2–8, the court was required by Code § 19.2–285 to sentence Taylor for misdemeanor battery without regard to the statute of limitations. We disagree.

West Virginia, which shares our statutory scheme, provides particularly helpful guidance in addressing this argument. In State v. King, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia adopted the majority rule, construing statutes nearly identical to our Code §§ 19.2–8 and 19.2–285.⁴ See King, 84 S.E.2d at 314–18. In that case, King was indicted by a grand jury for malicious assault, a felony, in October 1953. Id. at 314. The indictment alleged that the crime occurred in October 1951. Id. at 318. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found King guilty of assault and battery, a misdemeanor, and he was sentenced accordingly. Id. at 314. King appealed his conviction, alleging that a conviction for the lesser-included misdemeanor was barred by the statute of limitations under W. Va.Code § 61–11–9. Id. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia reversed the judgment against King, holding that his conviction for assault and battery was barred by the statute of limitations. Id. at 318.

In doing so, West Virginia adopted the general rule that “ ‘one indicted for an offense not barred by limitation, but convicted of a lesser included offense which is so barred, is entitled to discharge.’ ” Id. at 317 (quoting 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 225(b) (1989) ).

In King, the attorney...