Terrell v. Palomino Horse Breeders of America, 2-878-A-287

• Citation: 414 N.E.2d 332
• Decision Date: 31 December 1980
• Docket Number: No. 2-878-A-287,2-878-A-287
• Parties: Edgar TERRELL, Appellant (Plaintiff Below), v. PALOMINO HORSE BREEDERS OF AMERICA, a Corporation Duly Organized Under the Laws of the State of Texas and known as PHBA; J. Benham Steward, Jr., President, PHBA; Louis Hufnagel, 1st Vice President, PHBA; Paul D. Frank, 5th Vice President, PHBA; Melba Lee Spivey, Executive Secretary, PHBA; Joseph D. Geeslin, Jr., Attorney for the Executive Committee, PHBA, Appellees (Defendants Below).
• Court: Court of Appeals of Indiana

Page 332

414 N.E.2d 332

Edgar TERRELL, Appellant (Plaintiff Below), v. PALOMINO HORSE BREEDERS OF AMERICA, a Corporation Duly Organized Under the Laws of the State of Texas and known as PHBA; J. Benham Steward, Jr., President, PHBA; Louis Hufnagel, 1st Vice President, PHBA; Paul D. Frank, 5th Vice President, PHBA; Melba Lee Spivey, Executive Secretary PHBA; Joseph D. Geeslin, Jr., Attorney for the Executive Committee, PHBA, Appellees (Defendants Below).

No. 2-878-A-287.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, Second District.

Dec. 31, 1980.

George F. Stevens, Kenneth H. Lukenbill, Jr. and Roy D. Burbrink, Stevens, Wampler, Travis & Fortin, Plymouth, Jesse A. Brown Brown, Brown & Rakestraw, Rochester, for appellant.

Joseph D. Geeslin, Jr., Indianapolis, for appellees.

SULLIVAN, Judge.

Plaintiff Edgar Terrell appeals from a trial court decision upholding a one-year suspension from the Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA). He asserts that the trial court erred in:

1) Failing to award him damages;

2) Failing to consider evidence other than that presented at the association hearing;

3) Determining that he had been accorded due process by the organization; and

4) Determining that the suspension was reasonable.

It is appellant's position, not disputed by appellees, that one must be a member of PHBA in good standing in order to successfully conduct business related to the breeding, selling, or showing of Palominos. Terrell joined PHBA in 1955. Since that time he has bred, raised, trained, showed, and sold Palominos.

In a letter dated December 26, 1973, PHBA informed Plaintiff that, after notice and a hearing, he had been found to have violated the Association's rule against approaching a judge "while judging or about to judge." The organization imposed the following sanction:

"(Y)ou will be prohibited for the period January 1, 1974 through December 31, 1974, from (1) showing any Palomino horse in Palomino Horse Breeders of America approved shows; (2) sponsoring, promoting and/or participating in any Palomino Horse Breeders of America approved show; (3) allowing any other person to show a horse registered in your name at a Palomino Horse Breeders of America approved show; (4) judging any show which is approved by Palomino Horse Breeders of America ...." (R. 15)

The hearing to which the letter referred had been held, but had been conducted in regard to alleged rule violations by the judge, not Terrell. Further, Terrell had not been informed of any charge against him until he received the letter. He so notified PHBA in his request for reconsideration.

The PHBA then granted the request for reconsideration and scheduled a hearing for March 30, 1974, but did not issue an interim reinstatement. By letter dated March 14, 1974, Terrell was informed that he had been charged with failing to personally inspect two horses that he had certified for registration in 1971 and 1972. Those charges were also to be considered during the March 30 hearing. The hearing was subsequently cancelled. Thereafter, Terrell sought and received, from the trial court, a temporary restraining order and, later, a preliminary injunction.

Eventually, at court direction, PHBA held a hearing on June 7, 1974. At that time, the Executive Committee dismissed one of the failure to inspect charges and unanimously found Terrell guilty on the two other charges. For the remaining failure to inspect violation, the Committee imposed a one-year suspension containing the same prohibitions as the original sanction. A three-month, but otherwise identical, suspension was imposed for the approaching a judge infraction. The PHBA membership upheld the Committee's action. ¹ The trial court, sustained PHBA with respect to the failure to inspect violation, but overruled the organization on the approaching a judge charge.

I.

The internal rules of PHBA provided "Whenever anyone shall be accused of any violation, he shall be given not less than fifteen (15) days of notice of a time and place for hearing such accusation by the Executive Committee or by an appropriate committee, at which time and place he shall have an opportunity, in person or by counsel, to be heard and to present evidence in his own behalf and to hear and refute evidence offered against him."

As indicated above, Terrell did not receive proper notice or an opportunity to be heard prior to the first suspension. For that reason, Terrell sought damages of $7,500 for the suspension from January 1, 1974 to April 26, 1974.

Courts will generally refuse to interfere in the internal affairs of a voluntary association. State ex rel. Givens v. Superior Court of Marion County (1954) 233 Ind. 235, 238, 117 N.E.2d 553, 555; 6 Am.Jur.2d Associations and Clubs § 27 (1963). In such cases, courts will review an organization's action to determine whether the complaining member was accorded due process in the sense that he must have been informed of the charges against him and allowed adequate opportunity to prepare and present a defense. See McCreery Angus Farms v. American Angus Association (S.D.Ill.1974) 379 F.Supp. 1008, 1019, aff'd, (7th Cir.) 506 F.2d 1404. If an association's rules provide such a procedure, those rules must be followed. See Jackson v. American Yorkshire Club, (N.D.Iowa 1971) 340 F.Supp. 628, 632.

PHBA's rule satisfies the procedural requirements. The organization's action, however, was contrary to its own rule. For that reason, Terrell's original suspension was invalid. ² An invalid suspension may result in monetary damages if such damages are proved. See Jackson v. American Yorkshire Club, supra, 340 F.Supp. 628; Madden v. Atkins (1958) 4 N.Y.2d 283, 151 N.E.2d 73, 174 N.Y.S.2d 633. Further, in exception to the general rule, it is not necessary that administrative remedies within the association be exhausted before a trial court may consider a request for damages. 6 Am.Jur.2d Associations and Clubs § 42 (1963). Here, however, the trial court properly excluded the evidence tendered by Terrell because it was too remote and speculative to support a claim for damages. During the trial court proceedings Terrell sought to have the court consider evidence in addition to that adduced during the association proceedings. He did so by way of an "offer to prove", a part of which was his affidavit stating that he was "primarily engaged in the buying, selling, caring for, breeding, raising and training of horses and the sale of horse trailers" and "that this has included primarily registered palomino and quarter horses". (Emphasis supplied.)

Terrell offered

"to introduce in evidence his business records, both as to income and disbursements, his tax records and will show the general nature of his activity and the profit he has made and the loss he has suffered by reason of the ... acts of the defendant."

The affidavit listed Terrell's income as follows:

                1971  Horses, Gross  28,498.50  Trailers, Gross  34,144.03
                1972  Horses         29,140.93  Trailers         63,504.53
                1973  Horses         18,839.00  Trailers         22,723.95
                1974  Horses         23,055.58  Trailers         26.840.69
                

Terrell also submitted his attorney's affidavit which stated that four witnesses would testify that Terrell had suffered financial harm but that they would not be able to place a dollar value thereon.

A damage award must be determinable in some manner other than by mere conjecture or speculation. Jay Clutter Custom Digging v. English (3d Dist.1979) Ind.App., 393 N.E.2d 230, 233. The multitude of variables in Terrell's offer, i. e., other businesses engaged in, income from transactions involving other breeds of horses included in the total income for a given year, render the evidence too illusory to warrant an award of money damages.

Although the trial court did not err in excluding Terrell's additional evidence, there is no question that his first suspension was procedurally invalid. In such cases it is within a court's power to remedy the harm occasioned by ordering the reinstatement of the suspended member. 6 Am.Jur.2d Associations and Clubs § 41 (1963). Since Terrell's second suspension is valid, the practical equivalent of reinstatement is for him to receive credit, as discussed in section IV infra, for the period he was invalidly suspended.

II.

In addition to the damage evidence discussed above, the trial court refused to consider a deposition of Jim Meyers, the owner of the horse Terrell allegedly failed to inspect, and an affidavit of Jackie Eiler, secretary-treasurer of the Palomino Horse Exhibitors of Indiana.

At the association hearing, Meyers testified on direct examination that Terrell had given him the registration form and that he had mailed the form to the national association. On cross examination, Meyers admitted that Terrell mailed him the form and that he returned it to Terrell. The latter statement conforms to the deposition and to the Eiler affidavit which stated that she received the registration from Terrell and mailed it to the national organization.

As with the decision of an administrative agency, in reviewing an organization's determination, generally the trial court may not conduct a trial de novo or consider evidence not before the association. See Indiana State Highway Commission v. Zehner (2d Dist.1977) Ind.App., 366 N.E.2d 697, 702. Further, the offered evidence was merely cumulative of the cross examination testimony. A trial court does not abuse its discretion in excluding cumulative evidence. See Waugaman v. Gary Methodist Hospital of Gary, Inc. (2d Dist.1972) 151 Ind.App. 279, 279 N.E.2d 240.

The trial court did not err in refusing to consider the Meyers deposition and the Eiler affidavit.

III.

Terrell asserts that he was denied a fair hearing. He points to the procedure surrounding the invalid suspension, the addition of two other charges during the pendency of the original charge, and the postponement of an organizational hearing until injunctive relief was sought in court....