Thornbro v. The Kansas City

• Decision Date: 07 July 1914
• Docket Number: 18,463
• Citation: 142 P. 250,92 Kan. 681
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court
• Parties: JULIA F. THORNBRO, as Administratrix, etc., Appellee, v. THE KANSAS CITY, MEXICO & ORIENT RAILWAY COMPANY, Appellant

142 P. 250

92 Kan. 681

JULIA F. THORNBRO, as Administratrix, etc., Appellee, v. THE KANSAS CITY, MEXICO & ORIENT RAILWAY COMPANY, Appellant

No. 18,463

Supreme Court of Kansas

July 7, 1914

Decided July, 1914.

Appeal from Sumner district Court; CARROLL L. SWARTS, judge. Opinion on rehearing filed July 7, 1914. Reaffirmed. (For original opinion see 91 Kan. 684, 139 P. 410.)

Judgment affirmed.

SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT.

1. NEGLIGENCE--Death of Brakeman--Rule as to Coupling Cars--Waiver. A rule of the defendant company provided that "coupling apparatus must be examined and if out of order must not attempt to make coupling. They [the employees] are warned not to . . . go between cars in motion to uncouple." The jury found that the rule was not enforced but was disregarded by the defendant at the time of the injury for which the action was brought. Upon an examination of the evidence it is held sufficient to support the findings and the general verdict by which, upon the issues presented, a waiver of the rule was also found. Questions concerning the interpretation of the rule are referred to but not decided.

2. SAME--Federal Employers' Liability Act -- Interstate Commerce. The question whether the brakeman was engaged in interstate commerce at the time he was killed, decided in the former opinion, is reconsidered, and that opinion is adhered to.

John A. Eaton, D. W. Eaton, H. J. Eaton, all of Kansas City, Mo., W. T. McBride, of Wellington, and Chester I. Long, of Wichita, for the appellant.

J. D. Houston, and C. H. Brooks, both of Wichita, for the appellee.

OPINION OPINION ON REHEARING.

BENSON, J.

A rehearing was granted in this case upon the effect of the rule referred to in the former opinion. (Thornbro v. Railway Co., 91 Kan. 684, 139 P. 410.) The scope of the rehearing was enlarged to a reconsideration of the question whether the deceased, Thornbro, was engaged in interstate commerce when injured.

Only that part of the rule alleged to have been violated was given in the former opinion. The entire rule is:

"Employees must not remove any of the appliances of an engine or cars for convenience in switching, endangering the safety of themselves or others; coupling apparatus must be examined and if out of order must not attempt to make coupling. They are warned not to get on the front or rear of an engine or the end of a car as it approaches them, or to go between cars in motion to uncouple, open, close or arrange knuckles of couplers or follow other dangerous practices."

The rule was set out in the answer, followed by an allegation:

"That disobeying and violating said rule the said J. N. Thornbro . . . carelessly and negligently went between the cars of said train while the same were in motion for the purpose of attempting to uncouple said cars, . . . and by reason of the violation on his part of said rule, the injuries which resulted in his death were caused and occasioned."

The plaintiff pleaded a waiver of the rule. Competent evidence having been offered tending to prove the waiver, the district court instructed the jury that:

"If the said Thornbro wilfully disobeyed the defendant's rule introduced in evidence, and thereby caused his own death, plaintiff can not recover herein. But if, to the knowledge of said Thornbro, the rule in question was and had been disregarded with the knowledge of those superior in authority for such a length of time and to such an extent as to show a tacit or express consent by the defendant to such disregard of such rule, then the mere fact that Thornbro may have likewise disregarded the rule would not of itself prevent the plaintiff's recovery herein."

Upon this issue the jury in special findings found that the defendant had not enforced but had disregarded the rule prior to Thornbro's death. The contention of the defendant is that the evidence of a waiver of the rule concerns only that part of it which forbids employees to go between cars while in motion to do their work. It is asserted that:

"There is not a syllable of evidence that the rule was ever disregarded so far as it required employees to examine coupling apparatus and if the same was out of order not to attempt to make coupling."

It is argued that the rule covers different subjects, and that a waiver of the part prohibiting employees from going between cars does not impair the force of the part requiring an examination of the apparatus. Counsel say:

"The portion of the rule relative to coupling apparatus and its inspection remains as effective as ever."

It should be observed that although the defendant pleaded the rule in its entirety, the only violation alleged was that Thornbro went between the cars while in motion. There is no allegation of any failure to examine or inspect, if that should be considered separate and apart from the duty to refrain from going between cars. But these two parts of the rule are so interwoven in their obligations, as well as in the terms in which they are expressed, that it is difficult to wholly disassociate them. No good reason is apparent for going between the cars unless it should be found or believed that the coupling apparatus could not otherwise be used. Proof that employees habitually went between the cars to couple and uncouple them to the knowledge of the company implied a waiver of the requirement of examination, as well as a waiver of the prohibition, if as a practical matter there can be any substantial separation between the two. It is unnecessary, however, to discuss this distinction further, either with respect to the language of the rule or the pleading upon this issue, for the evidence tended to prove a waiver of the rule, not only in respect to going between the cars, but in respect to the examination of the coupling also. A switchman who had been in the employ of the defendant a considerable time testified that he knew of the custom of brakemen on that road. Asked to state what that custom was, he said:

"Well, where your cut-off levers are disconnected or broken or bent, it is customary that a man will jump in between them and get the opposite lever.

"If there is no opposite lever the cars are not to be uncoupled. When the lever failed to work, it was the custom during the time I worked for the Orient for brakemen to go in between slow-moving cars and use the hand to pull the pin or open the knuckle in coupling or uncoupling. I have seen this happen on the Orient road since I have been employed by the Frisco. The Frisco and Orient tracks at Wichita are consolidated into one. The Orient uses the Frisco yards. It is customary to go between slow-moving cars to uncouple them when they could not be easily uncoupled by use of the pin lever as it was easier to do this than to crawl under them or over to the other side. I have gone between cars under such circumstances in the presence of my superior officials in the yards at Wichita, Kansas, in 1909, while I was working for the Orient. I have seen brakemen and conductors do the same and I was never reprimanded, nor did I know of such superior officials reprimanding such brakemen or conductors for such action."

There was other testimony of the same import. It appears that the custom was to enter between the cars after ascertaining that the lever would not work. Whatever examination the rule requires must necessarily be done hurriedly as an incident of the principal duty to make the coupling. The act of going between the cars directly follows the examination. These acts are not divorced in the testimony, nor in practical operation. It must also be remembered that the jury found that the rule and not a particular part of it had been waived.

It is further contended that no actionable negligence on the part of the defendant is shown, because the only negligence alleged or found is the use of a car with a...