Three-Seventy Leasing Corp. v. Ampex Corp.

• Decision Date: 18 March 1976
• Docket Number: THREE-SEVENTY,No. 74--3832,74--3832
• Parties: 19 UCC Rep.Serv. 132 LEASING CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellant Cross-Appellee, v. AMPEX CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee Cross-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 993

528 F.2d 993

19 UCC Rep.Serv. 132

THREE-SEVENTY LEASING CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellant Cross-Appellee, v. AMPEX CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee Cross-Appellant.

No. 74--3832.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

March 18, 1976.

Wm. Andress, Jr., Dallas, Tex., for plaintiff-appellant cross-appellee.

Allen Butler, William F. Carroll, Dallas, Tex., for defendant-appellee cross-appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

Before GOLDBERG, DYER and SIMPSON, Circuit Judges.

DYER, Circuit Judge:

Three-Seventy Leasing Corporation (370) seeks damages from Ampex Corporation (Ampex) for breach of a contract to sell six computer core memories. ¹ The district court, sitting without a jury, found that there was an enforceable contract between 370 and Ampex. The court found, however, that 370 failed to prove any damage which could be recovered within the terms and limitations of the contract, and therefore entered judgment in favor of Ampex. The court also entered judgment for costs in favor of Ampex. 370 challenges the district court's determination of damages and its award of costs. Ampex cross-appeals, claiming as error the court's determination that there existed an enforceable contract. We find sufficient evidence to support the district court's finding of an enforceable contract, and agree that the terms of that contract precluded recovery of the type of compensatory damages which 370 sought below. We conclude that the court erred, however, when it awarded costs to Ampex, and therefore remand for a redetermination of that issue.

THE CONTRACT

Three-Seventy Leasing Corporation was formed by Joyce, at all times its only active employee, for the purpose of purchasing computer hardware from various manufacturers for lease to endusers. In August of 1972, Kays, as salesman of Ampex and friend of Joyce, initiated discussions with Joyce regarding the possibility of 370 purchasing computer equipment from Ampex. A meeting was arranged between Kays, Joyce, and Mueller, Kays' superior at Ampex. Joyce was informed at this meething that Ampex could sell to 370 only if 370 could pass Ampex's credit requirements. Joyce informed the two that he did not think this would be a problem.

At approximately the same time, Joyce began negotiations with Electronic Data Systems (EDS), which resulted in EDS's verbal commitment to lease six units of Ampex computer core memory from 370. Desiring to close the two transactions simultaneously, Joyce continued negotiations with Kays. These negotiations resulted in a written document submitted by Kays to Joyce at the direction of Mueller. The document provided for the purchase by Joyce of six core memory units at a price of $100,000 each, with a down payment of $150,000 and the remainder to be paid over a five year period. The document specified that delivery was to be made to EDS. The document also contained a signature block for a representative of 370 and a signature block for a representative of Ampex.

Joyce received this document about November 3, 1972, and executed it on November 6, 1972. The document was never executed by a representative of ampex. This document forms the core of the present controversy. 370 argues that the document was an offer to sell by Ampex, which was accepted upon Joyce's signature. Ampex contends that the document was nothing more than a solicitation which became an offer to purchase upon execution by Joyce, and that this offer was never accepted by Ampex. 370 counters by arguing in the alternative that even if the document when signed by Joyce was only an offer to purchase, the offer was later accepted by representatives of Ampex.

The district court, in concluding that there existed an enforceable contract, made no determination as to whether the document described above was an offer to sell accepted by Joyce's signature, or an offer to purchase when signed by Joyce which was later accepted by Ampex.

We reject the first alternative as being without evidentiary support. Elemental principles demand that there Thus, the document, when signed by Joyce, at most constituted an offer by him to purchase. In order for there to be a valid contract, we must therefore find some act of acceptance on the part of Ampex.

be a meeting of the minds and a communication that each party has consented to the terms of the agreement in order for a contract to exist. Garcia v. Villarreal, Tex.Civ.App.1972, 478 S.W.2d 830. There is no evidence, either written or oral, other than the document itself, which shows that Ampex had the requisite intent necessary to the formation of a contract prior to November 6, 1972, the date the document was executed by Joyce. And the document on its face does not supply that intent. Rather, the fact that the document had a signature block for a representative of Ampex which was unsigned at the time it was submitted to Joyce, in the absence of other evidence, negates any interpretation that Ampex intended this to be an offer to Joyce, without any further acts necessary on the part of Ampex.

On November 9, 1972, Mueller issued an intra-office memorandum which stated in part that '(o)n November 3, 1972, Ampex was awarded an Agreement by Three-Seventy Leasing, Dallas, Texas, for the purchase of six (6) ARM--3360 Memory Units', to be installed at EDS. This memorandum further informed those concerned at Ampex of Joyce's request that all contact with 370 be handled through Kays. On November 17, 1972, Kays sent a letter to Joyce which confirmed the delivery dates for the memory units. ² We conclude, in light of the circumstances surrounding these negotiations, that the district court was not clearly erroneous when it found that Kays had apparent authority to accept Joyce's offer on behalf of Ampex, and we further conclude that the November 17 letter, in these circumstances, can reasonably be interpreted to be an acceptance.

An agent has apparent authority sufficient to bind the principal when the principal acts in such a manner as would lead a reasonably prudent person to suppose that the agent had the authority he purports to exercise. Douglass v. Panama, Inc., Tex.1974, 504 S.W.2d 776; Tryad Service Corp. v. Machine Tool Center, Inc., Tex.App.1974, 512 S.W.2d 785. Further, absent knowledge on the part of third parties to the contrary, an agent has the apparent authority to do those things which are usual and proper to the conduct of the business which he is employed to conduct. Mechanical Wholesale, Inc. v. Universal-Rundle Corp., 5 Cir. 1970, 432 F.2d 228 (interpreting Texas law).

In this case, Kays was employed by Ampex in the capacity of a salesman. It is certainly reasonable for third parties to presume that one employed as salesman has the authority to bind his employer to sell. And Ampex did nothing to dispel this reasonable inference. Rather, its actions and inactions provided a further basis for this belief. First, Kays, at the direction of Mueller, submitted the controversial document to Joyce for signature. The document contained a space for signature by an Ampex representative. Nothing in the document suggests that Kays did not have authority to sign it on behalf of Ampex. ³

Second, Joyce indicated to Kays and Mueller that he wished all communications to be channeled through Kays. Mueller agreed, and acknowledged this in the November 9 intra-company memorandum. Neither Mueller, nor anyone else at Ampex ever informed Joyce that communication regarding acceptance would come through anyone other than Kays. In light of this request and Ampex's agreement, Joyce could reasonably expect that Kays would speak for the company.

Various individuals in the Ampex hierarchy testified at trial that only the contract manager or other supervisor in the company's contract department had authority to sign a contract on behalf of Ampex. However, there is no evidence that this limitation was ever communicated to Joyce in any manner. Absent knowledge of such a limitation by third parties, that limitation will not bar a claim of apparent authority. Douglass v. Panama, Inc., supra.

Thus, when Joyce received Kays' November 17 letter, he had every reason to believe, based upon Ampex's prior actions, that Kays spoke on behalf of the company. We thus agree with the district court's finding that Kays had apparent authority to act for Ampex.

Having determined that Kays had apparent authority to bind Ampex, we further conclude that his letter of November 17, in light of the pattern of negotiations, could reasonably be interpreted as a promise to ship the six memory units on the dates specified in the letter and on the terms previously set out in the document executed by Joyce and submitted to Ampex. The district court's finding that a contract was formed is therefore not clearly erroneous. ⁴

DAMAGES

370 seeks compensatory damages for profits lost on the EDS contract and for profits lost on future anticipated contracts with EDS. 370 challenges the determination of the district court that it was not entitled to recovery of damages in light of the terms of the contract and the evidence adduced at trial. Paragraph...