Thrift v. Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Heyden Division

• Decision Date: 17 September 1974
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. CA-3-7137-D.
• Parties: William R. THRIFT, Plaintiff, v. TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC., HEYDEN DIVISION, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Texas

381 F. Supp. 543

William R. THRIFT, Plaintiff, v. TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC., HEYDEN DIVISION, Defendant.

Civ. A. No. CA-3-7137-D.

United States District Court, N. D. Texas, Dallas Division.

September 17, 1974.

Russell M. Baker, Dallas, Tex., Ortega, Snead & Dixon, Albuquerque, N. M., for plaintiff.

Richard E. Gray, Jr., and George C. Chapman, Dallas, Tex., for defendant.

ORDER OVERRULING MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

ROBERT M. HILL, District Judge.

This cause comes on before the court on the motion for summary judgment filed by the defendant Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Heyden Division. The court is of the opinion that the motion should be denied.

The defendant is a corporation duly incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and has its principal place of business in Houston, Texas. The plaintiff, William R. Thrift, is a citizen of the State of New Mexico. During the time in question in this case the defendant was engaged in the manufacture of the drug "Thorium Oxide" which was sold under the trade name "Thorotrast." This drug is a roentgen contrast medium containing radioactive thorium dioxide and is used for various medical investigations and tests.

Plaintiff alleges that in September of 1950 he entered Baylor University Hospital in Dallas, Texas, and while undergoing certain medical tests Thorotrast was administered to him by injection. Immediately following the administration of Thorotrast, plaintiff suffered a reaction to the drug, but was treated and subsequently released from the hospital. In May of 1971 plaintiff was admitted to a hospital in New Mexico due to a progressive and recurrent abdominal pain. On May 15, 1971, plaintiff was diagnosed by the treating physicians to have a thorium granuloma with chylous peritonitis, a condition which plaintiff alleges was proximately caused by the injection of Thorotrast. This suit was filed by plaintiff against defendant on May 2, 1973, approximately twenty-three years after the allegedly defective drug was administered to the plaintiff.

Plaintiff's action is grounded on the theory that the defendant was negligent in putting an unreasonably dangerous and defective drug into the stream of commerce, that the defendant breached express and implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, and that the defendant is strictly liable for supplying a defective and unreasonably dangerous product. The defendant contends that plaintiff's cause of action is barred by limitations.

The Texas two-year statute of limitations, Vernon's Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat. Ann. art. 5526, applies to both actions arising from negligence and those arising from breach of warranties. Burleson v. Meade Johnson & Co., 331 F.Supp. 710 (N.D.Tex.1971) aff'd 463 F.2d 180 (5th Cir. 1972). The parties agree that art. 5526 is the applicable statute in this case, but their positions diverge on when the statute begins to run. In its motion for summary judgment the defendant contends that the statute begins to run from the time of the accrual of the injury, and thus plaintiff's claims are barred. Plaintiff contends that the statute begins to run at the time he discovered or reasonably should have discovered the nature and cause of his injuries, which in this case he contends was May 15, 1971.

Defendant relies, inter alia, on Houston Water-Works Co. v. Kennedy, 70 Tex. 233, 8 S.W. 36 (1888), an early case in which the Texas Supreme Court adopted a test for determining when a cause of action accrues. In Houston Water-Works the plaintiff sued for injury to his building caused by the defendants cutting a supporting arch in an adjacent building two years prior to the filing of the suit, but the damage to plaintiff's building did not occur within two years prior to the filing of the suit. In adopting the so-called accrual rule the court stated:

When an act is in itself lawful as to the person who bases an action on injuries subsequently accruing from, and consequent upon, the act, it is held that the cause of action does not accrue until the injury is sustained . . . . If, however, the act of which the injury was the natural sequence was a legal injury, — by which is meant an injury giving cause of action by reason of its being an invasion of a plaintiff's right, — then, be the damage however slight, limitation will run from the time the wrongful act was committed, and will bar an action for any damages resulting from the act, although these may not have been fully developed until within a period less than necessary to complete the bar. 8 S.W. at 37.

The plaintiff acknowledges that the rule in Houston Water-Works has been consistently followed by the Texas courts, but argues that exceptions have been made and should be made here.

The "discovery rule" is an exception for extending the statutory time within which to file a suit. This exception is based upon the knowledge and conduct of the plaintiff and interprets the word accrual in the statute of limitations to mean the time that the plaintiff discovers his injury, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered the injury. Hays v. Hall, 488 S.W.2d 412, 413-414 (Tex.1972); Perdue, The Law of Texas Medical Malpractice, 11 Hou.L.Rev. 825, 839 (1974).

The Texas Supreme Court and other courts have not expressly decided the question of when a cause of action accrues and their limitations commences to run in cases involving an insidious and slowly developing side effect from a drug administered pursuant to a physician's direction. It is well settled that when a federal court must apply the law of a state as in this diversity case, and there is no direct authority from the courts of the state as to how they would decide the particular point of law at issue, the federal court must make its own determination as to what a state court would probably do. E. g., Farmers & Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. St. Regis Paper Co., 456 F.2d 347 (5th Cir. 1972); Putman v. Erie City Mfg. Co., 338 F.2d 911, 917 (5th Cir. 1964). The federal court must be guided by the law which in its opinion provides the most just and reasoned analysis. Passwaters v. General Motors Corp., 454 F.2d 1270, 1278 (8th Cir. 1972). An analysis of the relevant Texas law indicates that given the instant fact situation the Texas courts would hold that the cause of action accrued and the statute started running on plaintiff's negligence and breach of warranty causes of action when plaintiff discovered or reasonably should have discovered the nature and cause of his alleged injuries.

The Texas Supreme Court has recently adopted the discovery rule and held in certain types of medical malpractice cases that the statute of limitations commences to run when the patient learns of, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have learned of, his injury. Hays v. Hall, 488 S.W.2d 412, 414 (Tex.1972); Gaddis v. Smith, 417 S.W.2d 577, 580 (Tex.1967). In Gaddis the rule was made applicable to cases involving foreign objects left by a physician in a patient's body. In so holding the court stated:

It is a virtual certainty that the patient had no knowledge on the day following the surgery — nor for a long time thereafter — that a foreign object was left in the incision. Courts out of necessity have made exceptions in order to do justice. 417 S.W.2d at 580.

The Gaddis case was expressly limited to causes of action in which a physician leaves a foreign object in the body of a patient. Id. 417 S.W.2d at 581. The Supreme Court in Hays noted the limitation of Gaddis but proceeded to extend the discovery rule to malpractice cases arising from vasectomy operations. 488 S.W.2d at 414. In extending the rule to vasectomy cases the Hays court reasoned:

If the limitation period is measured from the date of the operation, and if the discovery of fertility, and therefore the injury, is not made until after the

...