Thunderstik Lodge, Inc. v. Reuer, 20966.

• Decision Date: 28 June 2000
• Docket Number: No. 20966.,20966.
• Citation: 613 N.W.2d 44,2000 SD 84
• Parties: THUNDERSTIK LODGE, INC., Harold Becker, William Becker, Charles Ross & Edwin S. Gage, Owners and Lessees, Plaintiffs and Appellees, v. Alvin REUER, Elva Reuer, and Leroy Reuer, Defendants and Appellants.
• Court: South Dakota Supreme Court

613 N.W.2d 44

2000 SD 84

THUNDERSTIK LODGE, INC., Harold Becker, William Becker, Charles Ross & Edwin S. Gage, Owners and Lessees, Plaintiffs and Appellees, v. Alvin REUER, Elva Reuer, and Leroy Reuer, Defendants and Appellants.

No. 20966.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Considered on Briefs January 10, 2000.

Decided June 28, 2000.

Steven R. Smith of Andera & Smith Law Office, Chamberlain, SD, Attorneys for plaintiffs and appellees.

Rick Johnson of Johnson, Eklund, Nicholson, Peterson & Fox, Gregory, SD, Attorneys for defendants and appellants.

KONENKAMP, Justice.

[¶ 1.] This case presents the question whether a land lease agreement violated our statutory prohibition against agricultural leases of longer than twenty years. Thunderstik Lodge, Inc. leased agricultural land from the Reuers for hunting purposes, under an agreement providing for an initial ten-year lease, with two ten-year renewal options. Because the provisions in the lease agreement were severable, we affirm the circuit court's ruling that although the second ten-year option was invalid, the rest of the agreement remains intact.

Facts

[¶ 2.] In February 1987, the principals of Thunderstik Lodge, Inc. placed an advertisement seeking hunting land in the Chamberlain newspaper. The Reuers (Alvin and Elva Reuer and their son, LeRoy) responded. Following considerable negotiations, with both sides represented by attorneys, a lease agreement between Thunderstik and the Reuers was signed on May 6, 1988.

[¶ 3.] The lease contains two provisions significant to this appeal. The first provision establishes the time frames the lease is in effect, providing for an initial ten year period, followed by two options to renew for an additional ten years each:

The term of this lease shall run from March 1, 1988 to February 29, 1998 (original term), both dates inclusive. The Lessor and Lessee agree that this lease may be extended for two (2) additional ten (10) year terms, the first extension term to run from March 1, 1998 to February 29, 2008, the second extension term to run from March 1, 2008 to February 29, 2018, all upon the same terms and conditions set forth in this lease, except that the annual rent for the premises shall be increased to Thirty-three Thousand Dollars ($33,000.00) for the first extension term and Thirty-six Thousand Dollars ($36,000.00) for the second extension term.

The other significant provision is the savings clause:

If any portion of this lease is held to be invalid or unenforceable, the remainder of this lease shall not be affected thereby and such remainder shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law.

At the same time the lease was executed, Thunderstik signed a purchase agreement, buying five acres of land from the Reuers for $1,500. Thunderstik Lodge, a "first class hunting lodge," was constructed on this acreage.

[¶ 4.] The relationship between the parties began to deteriorate in 1996. See Thunderstik Lodge, Inc. v. Reuer, 1998 SD 110, 585 N.W.2d 819 (Thunderstik I)

.¹ LeRoy was fired from his position as a guide for the lodge, and the Reuers accused Thunderstik of illegal hunting practices on the leased land.²

Id. ¶ 5 & n. 1, 585 N.W.2d at 820-21.

[¶ 5.] The controversy now before us arose from the Reuers' claim that the provisions of the contract create a thirty-year lease, void under South Dakota law. In a declaratory action, the circuit court ruled that the second of the two ten-year options was invalid, but severable, leaving the remainder of the lease intact and enforceable. The Reuers now appeal, contending (1) severance of the contract was improper; and (2) SDCL 43-32-2 mandates voiding the entire lease. Contract and statutory interpretation present questions of law reviewable de novo. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Vostad, 520 N.W.2d 273, 275 (S.D.1994); Farm Credit Serv. v. First State Bank, 1998 SD 13, ¶ 6, 575 N.W.2d 250, 251.

Analysis and Decision

1. Severance of Contract

[¶ 6.] The trial court found that the second ten-year lease option was an agreement separate from both the original lease term and the first ten-year option now in effect. It also found that the second ten-year option could be severed from the rest of the lease without voiding the remaining agreement. The Reuers assert that the lease violates SDCL 43-32-2, and therefore it cannot be severed. Citing Hedges v. Dixon County, 150 U.S. 182, 192, 14 S.Ct. 71, 74, 37 L.Ed. 1044 (1893), they argue that a void instrument cannot be reformed. We believe, however, that the proper approach is to consider first whether the agreement's terms can be severed and then move to the question of whether the lease is invalid under the statute. 1st American Systems, Inc. v. Rezatto, 311 N.W.2d 51, 56 (S.D.1981) ("so long as an illegal covenant is divisible, the remaining legal covenants are enforceable.") (citations omitted).

[¶ 7.] Under South Dakota law, certain contracts are divisible: "Where a contract has several distinct objects, one or more of which are lawful and one or more of which are unlawful in whole or in part, the contract is void as to the latter and valid as to the rest." SDCL 53-5-4. In Commercial Trust and Sav. Bank v. Christensen, 535 N.W.2d 853 (S.D.1995), we set forth the requirements of a severable agreement: "(1) the parties' performances must be separable into corresponding pairs of part performances and (2) the parts of each pair must be regarded as agreed equivalents." Id. at 857 (citing E. Allen Farnsworth, Contracts, § 5.8, at 382 (2d ed 1990); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 183 (1979)). Additionally, "the agreement must not be an integrated scheme to contravene public policy," and "the party seeking enforcement must not have engaged in serious misconduct." Id. at 857 n. 2. A court may divide a contract into "corresponding pairs of part performances," and then enforce only those parts which do not "materially advance the improper purpose" of the agreement. Farnsworth, supra, § 5.8, at 381-82. See Russell Miller Milling Co. v. McLean, 48 S.D. 198, 203 N.W. 498, 499 (1925) (illegal penalty imposed under parties' agreement was separable from rest of contract and did not render entire contract void).

[¶ 8.] In Christensen, the parties contracted to lease agricultural land. 535 N.W.2d at 855. At the time, SDCL 43-32-2 prohibited leases of agricultural land for periods longer than twenty years, just as it currently does. Id. at 856. The lease spanned ten years and included an option to buy the property, exercisable by the tenant before the lease expired. Id. at 855. When the lease had been in effect for seven years, the parties made another agreement ("Addendum") restating the original lease terms, and giving the tenants the option to extend the original lease for an additional twenty-year period. This "Addendum" also contained the option to buy the property, stating that it could be exercised any time before the expiration of the additional twenty years. This Court concluded that there was no distinct and separate consideration to support both the option to buy and the "Addendum." Id. at 858. Although the "Addendum" increased the purchase price by $1,000, that amount was only an additional sum to be paid for the land if the option was exercised. Therefore, the contract was not divisible, as the option was not supported by any additional consideration, and the only consideration tendered was for the lease itself.

[¶ 9.] We also addressed the question of divisibility in Mattson v. Rachetto, 1999 SD 51, 591 N.W.2d 814. There, the contract stated that the land was conveyed by warranty deed from the Mattsons to the Rachettos for the sum of $26,959.50. Id. ¶ 24, 591 N.W.2d at 819. The contract also provided that, "[f]or and in consideration of the agreement by Mattsons to sell the above-described property to Rachettos, Rachettos hereby lease to Mattsons the above-described property." Id. The Rachettos argued that there were two subject matters and therefore the contract should have been severed and the void agricultural lease rescinded, leaving the rest of the contract intact. Id. ¶ 22, 591 N.W.2d at 818. We rejected this argument, as well as the assertion that each part of the contract was supported by its own consideration and was therefore divisible. Id. ¶ 25, 591 N.W.2d at 819.

[¶ 10.] Looking at the requirements for a severable agreement, as stated in Christensen, first, the obligations of the parties here can be separated into "corresponding pairs of part performances." "[A] distinguishing mark of a divisible contract is that the consideration is not single, but can be apportioned to correspond with separate consideration offered by the other party." Christensen, 535 N.W.2d at 857 (citation omitted). Unlike the contracts in Christensen and Mattson, the agreement here contains distinct consideration for each ten-year option. There was a separate annual rent set for each of the two corresponding extension terms: $33,000 for the first extension, and $36,000 for the second extension.

[¶ 11.] Second, each pair must be an agreed equivalent. "This means that the parts of the pair must be of roughly equivalent value...." Farnsworth, supra, § 5.8, at 382-83. The Reuers do not dispute that the amounts to be paid by Thunderstik in exchange for the lease of the land are agreed equivalents, nor do we find otherwise. The terms of the options were negotiated between the parties, and while the precise value of the land lease may be debatable, the amount in the contract was of "roughly equivalent value."

[¶ 12.] Third, mindful of the limitation stated in Christensen, that "the agreement must not be an integrated scheme to contravene public policy," the Reuers contend that the lease contravenes public policy, with little explanation other than the assertion that there was an intent to create an invalid thirty-year lease. In Schara v. Thiede, 58 Wis.2d 489, 206 N.W.2d 129 (1973), the parties agreed that one would...