Tillett v. JI Case Co.

• Decision Date: 17 February 1984
• Docket Number: No. 82-C-1620.,82-C-1620.
• Citation: 580 F. Supp. 1276
• Parties: Nancy L. TILLETT, Administratrix of the Estate of Steven Michael Tillett, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. J.I. CASE COMPANY, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Wisconsin

580 F. Supp. 1276

Nancy L. TILLETT, Administratrix of the Estate of Steven Michael Tillett, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. J.I. CASE COMPANY, Defendant.

No. 82-C-1620.

United States District Court, E.D. Wisconsin.

February 17, 1984.

Donald H. Carlson, Riordan, Crivello, Carlson, Mentkowski & Henderson, Milwaukee, Wis., for plaintiff.

Terry E. Johnson, Peterson, Johnson & Murray, Milwaukee, Wis., for defendant.

DECISION AND ORDER

WARREN, District Judge.

This diversity action was originally filed on July 8, 1982, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. After an issue was raised as to the jurisdiction of that court, the matter was transferred here pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) by an Order of the Honorable Barrington D. Parker dated November 30, 1982. Status conferences were held on February 15, 1983 and June 13, 1983. On August 1, 1983 defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment which has been fully briefed.

Plaintiff, Nancy Tillett, brings this wrongful death action as administratrix of the Estate of Steven Michael Tillett. She is a resident of Pennsylvania, living at 64 Worthington Mill Road, Richboro, Pennsylvania 28954. Defendant, J.I. Case Company, is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware with its corporate headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin.

The Complaint alleges that Steven Michael Tillett was serving as a soldier with the United States Army in West Germany on July 29, 1979. On that day he was operating a Case M-24 Wheeled Front End Loader on the Wildflecken Military Base. Allegedly, the vehicle flipped over an embankment and crushed him to death. The plaintiff alleges liability based on theories of negligence, products liability and breach of warranty, all relating to the alleged design defect that the machine was not equipped with a roll-over protective device.

Defendant attacks the complaint on three grounds in the Motion for Summary Judgment. First, it is advanced that to maintain a Wisconsin wrongful death action the death must have been "caused" in Wisconsin. Defendants claim that in this case the death was not "caused" in Wisconsin and therefore the action cannot be maintained. Second, defendants argue plaintiff has lost her cause of action under the Indiana wrongful death act because the two year statute of limitations has run. Third, defendant claims the status of a government contractor who has produced a product to precise government terms, conditions, and specifications and is thus entitled to the "government contractor defense."

I. CHOICE OF LAW

This is a diversity action. Hence, a federal forum, faced with a conflict of applicable law must apply the choice of law rules of the forum state, Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). Under the traditional method of analysis the Court must decide whether the choice of law is "outcome determinative." If such is the case, a conflict exists and then a "choice-of-law" analysis must be made under the law of the forum.

As plaintiff points out in her brief in opposition, four states and one foreign country (Delaware, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin and West Germany) have some degree of contact with this case. The Court agrees with plaintiff that Delaware, the defendant's state of incorporation, and West Germany are easily eliminated as law choices. Plaintiff also conceded that Pennsylvania law is inapplicable. The Pennsylvania courts interpreted that state's wrongful death statute and held that when a Pennsylvania resident dies as a result of an injury caused in another state, the Pennsylvania wrongful death statute does not apply. Papciak v. Palmer, 82 Pa.D. & C. 381, 54 Lack.Jur. 25 (1953).

This means that this Court must look to differences between the law of Indiana and Wisconsin to see if the difference is outcome determinative. This case would be time barred under Indiana's two year statute of limitations on wrongful death. It would just get "under the wire" under Wisconsin's three year statute. This "conflict" is outcome determinative and requires a federal court in Wisconsin to apply Wisconsin conflicts law in resolving the choice.

In Wilcox v. Wilcox, 26 Wis.2d 617, 133 N.W.2d 408 (1964), the Wisconsin Supreme Court very clearly and concisely scrapped the old lex loci rule with regard to torts and embraced a "center of gravity" or "grouping of contacts" doctrine. Following Wilcox, in the case of Heath v. Zellmer, 35 Wis.2d 578, 596, 151 N.W.2d 664 (1967), the Court opined that when:

faced with a choice-of-law decision, this court should base its conclusions upon the following choice-influencing considerations ...

Predictability of results;

Maintenance of interstate and international order;

Simplification of the judicial task;

Advancement of the forum's governmental interests;

Application of the better rule of law.

In Urhammer v. Olson, 39 Wis.2d 447, 159 N.W.2d 688 (1968), the court specifically extended the concept to contract cases, doing so with very broad language. Then in Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. v. Fairbanks, 58 Wis.2d 193, 203, 206 N.W.2d 414 (1973), the court, faced with a conflict of the statutes of limitations of two jurisdictions, applied the above considerations and stated that:

when the policy behind statutes of limitations is examined, the most important are the second and fourth consideration: `Maintenance of Interstate and International Order; and Advancement of the forum's governmental interests.'

Applying the Heath qualitative analysis factors as augmented by Air Products to the case at bar, this Court concludes that Wisconsin law should govern. An element that buttresses this choice is the fact that in Indiana contributory negligence is a bar to recovery. Wisconsin's comparative negligence law would appear to this tribunal the "better rule of law," as Judge Gordon opined in Decker v. Fox River Tractor Co., 324 F.Supp. 1089 (E.D.Wis.1971).

II. APPLICATION OF THE WISCONSIN WRONGFUL DEATH STATUTE.

Resolving the choice of substantive law here does not, however, resolve the issue. The applicability of the Wisconsin wrongful death statute is still at issue because of the particular wording of Sec. 895.03, Wis.Stats. (1979) which provides:

RECOVERY FOR DEATH BY WRONGFUL DEATH ACT.

Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a wrongful act, negligent or default and that act, negligent or default is such as would, if the death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, then and in every such case the person who would have been liable, if the death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damage notwithstanding the death of the person injured; provided, that such action shall be brought for death caused in this state. (Emphasis supplied.)

Since the right to recover for a wrongful death is completely statutory, there being no common law cause of action, the plaintiff's claim must rise or fall on the action's compliance with the requirement that such action be "for death caused in this state." Cogger v. Trudell, 35 Wis.2d 350, 151 N.W.2d 146 (1967).

Defendant argues that plaintiff here has not alleged in the complaint that the death was caused in Wisconsin, and that a series of old cases would make that determinative. However, the Court agrees with plaintiff that under the modern rules of civil procedure and with a liberal interpretation of the complaint, there is not fatal pleading defect and plaintiff has stated a cause of action for wrongful death.

Whether or not the death here was "caused" in Wisconsin is not as easily resolved. An old Wisconsin case, Rudiger v. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Co....