Toledo, P. & W. R.R. v. Burlington Northern, Inc., 77-506

Citation67 Ill.App.3d 928,385 N.E.2d 937
Decision Date14 February 1979
Docket NumberNo. 77-506,77-506
Parties, 24 Ill.Dec. 796 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD, a corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BURLINGTON NORTHERN, INC., a corporation, Defendant-Appellant.
CourtUnited States Appellate Court of Illinois

Davis & Morgan, Peoria, Theodore G. Schuster, Burlington Northern, Inc., Chicago, for defendant-appellant.

E. Parker Brown, II, Asst. Atty. Gen., Assoc. of American Railroads, Washington, D. C., James P. Daley, Chicago, for amicus curiae.

John E. Cassidy, Sr., Cassidy, Cassidy & Mueller, Peoria, Cornelius P. Callahan, Lord Bissell & Brook, Chicago, for plaintiff-appellee.

STENGEL, Justice:

Defendant Burlington Northern, Inc., brings this appeal from a judgment for $1,787,500 entered in favor of plaintiff, Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, in a product liability action arising out of a 1970 train derailment which caused numerous explosions and extensive damage at Crescent City, Illinois.

After the catastrophic accident, investigators determined that the derailment occurred when a "hot box" caused a wheel to come off a hopper car identified as car CB&Q 182544 and owned by Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, a predecessor to defendant Burlington Northern, Inc. In 1946 CB&Q manufactured the 70-ton covered hopper car involved here and equipped it with solid or friction bearings.

The solid bearing assemblies used on railroad cars are composed of the journal, which is the machined end of the axle; a 50-pound bearing positioned over the journal, the wedge, which is located over the bearing to control upward movement; the lubricator pad, which transmits oil to the journal and bearing; and the journal box which encloses all components and also contains the lubricating oil. In operation the journal and axle turn with the wheels and draw oil through the lubricator pad to form a film between the journal and the bearing. Proper function of a solid bearing assembly requires an adequate supply of lubrication, proper positioning of components, and the absence of contaminants. The components can be inspected by opening the journal box lid.

Roller bearings were first developed about 1949 and since 1958 have been used exclusively on all new cars built by CB&Q and later by Burlington. A roller bearing assembly is composed of a journal and a collar consisting of two circular races in which the roller bearings turn. Roller bearing assemblies are sealed units that cannot be viewed on inspection, and they require annual lubrication.

A "hot box" is a fire in a journal box caused by excessive friction. Hot boxes occur with more frequency where solid bearings are used than with roller bearings. The Association of American Railroads has adopted an Interchange Rule which imposes the primary responsibility for inspection and lubrication of all freight cars upon the railroad to which a car has been interchanged. Both plaintiff and defendant had agreed to be bound by the AAR Interchange Rules prior to the accident.

In 1969 the hopper car involved here underwent scheduled maintenance at defendant's plant in Havelock, Nebraska. The solid bearing assemblies were replaced with a new solid bearing assembly, some components of an improved design were added, and the car was given a new number (CB&Q 182544). At that time, it was technologically possible to convert solid bearings to roller bearings, and in fact the Rules of the Association of American Railroads required rebuilt 100-ton cars to be so converted. The Rules also required all new cars to be equipped with roller bearings. However, a 70-ton car like this one was in full compliance with solid bearings. After being rebuilt and prior to the accident at Crescent City, car CB&Q 182544 experienced three bearing failures, but none of these involved the bearing at the L4 wheel position.

On June 20, 1970, car CB&Q 182544 was received by plaintiff railroad at its East Peoria yard, and all the journals were inspected by plaintiff's employees. During the early morning hours of June 21, this car was incorporated into train 20 which was made up of 103 loaded freight cars, 5 empties, 1 caboose, and 4 locomotives. After leaving East Peoria at 3:25 a. m., train 20 proceeded eastward toward its destination at Effner, Indiana. Along the route the four members of the train crew, two of whom rode in the locomotive and two in the caboose, visually inspected the train as it went around curves.

During 1970 plaintiff operated all its trains in accordance with certain rules which required all employees to be constantly on the lookout for hot boxes and for signals from railroaders and the general public. The members of the crew of train 20 insist that they repeatedly watched for smoke or flames during the trip. Railroad employees at Forrest and at Weston, Illinois, gave the crew of train 20 a "highball" sign indicating that everything was in order. Crew members saw a similar "highball" signal given by an Illinois Central operator at Gilman, Illinois, which is only a few miles from the scene of the accident; however, one-half block east of the Gilman depot, a man waiting to cross the tracks saw flames shooting out from the wheel of a car on the north side of the train but he was unable to give a warning. Another man waiting for the train to pass the Route 45 crossing on the east edge of Gilman also saw a flaming hot box on a front wheel of a hopper car. He tried to signal to a crewman in the caboose, but the crewman did not appear to see him. The train hauled car 182544 another eight miles until the journal and bearing on the L4 wheel burned off, the side frame dropped to the track, and finally the entire car bounced into the air at the Route 49 crossing on the west edge of Crescent City. The lead wheels came down off the track and ran on the ties about 1,000 feet, causing the general derailment which followed. At that point the train automatically went into an emergency stop. A tank car filled with liquid propane gas exploded almost at once followed later by additional explosions which caused numerous fires and inflicted severe damage to persons and property in Crescent City. Plaintiff eventually settled all damage claims for a total of $1,755,400 and also expended $32,000 for damage to its own track and equipment.

In this product liability action against defendant, plaintiff seeks to recover in tort, under Count I on a theory of strict liability and, under Count II on a theory of negligence, for the rebuilding of car CB&Q 182544 in an unreasonably dangerous and defective condition.

At the trial by jury plaintiff did not adduce evidence of any manufacturing or physical defect in the bearing assembly of car CB&Q 182544, but did introduce evidence relating to the general risks or dangers of hot boxes occurring when solid bearings are used. The jury was instructed that the issue under Count I was whether, at the time the car left the control of defendant after being rebuilt, there existed a condition which rendered the car unreasonably dangerous in that it was equipped with solid bearings rather than with roller bearings. The issue under Count II was stated to be whether defendant was negligent in failing to equip the car with roller bearings in 1969. The jury was also instructed as to defendant's affirmative defenses to Count I based on misuse and assumption of the risk.

Motions for directed verdicts filed by both parties were denied by the court, and after the case was submitted to the jury, verdicts were returned in favor of plaintiff as to both Count I and Count II. Damages were assessed at $1,787,491.05. In response to two special interrogatories the jury found that defendant did "rebuild" car CB&Q 182544 in 1969, thus rejecting defendant's argument that the car was merely repaired, and the jury found that plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence. After the trial court denied defendant's post-trial motion, this appeal followed.

Defendant has raised a multiplicity of issues, but because we conclude that judgment should have been entered for defendant as a matter of law, we shall discuss only those issues necessary to our decision.

Illinois first recognized strict liability in tort for defective products in 1965 and has generally adopted the elements of a strict liability action set out in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A. Plaintiff must prove that an unreasonably dangerous condition existed in a product at the time the product left the control of the seller or the manufacturer and that the condition was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injury or damage. (Suvada v. White Motor Co. (1965), 32 Ill.2d 612, 210 N.E.2d 182.) As is noted in Comment G of the Restatement, a defective condition is a "condition not contemplated by the ultimate consumer which will be unreasonably dangerous to him." (Restatement of Torts (Second) § 402A, Comment G at 351; Dunham v. Vaughan & Bushnell Mfg. Co. (1969), 42 Ill.2d 339, 247 N.E.2d 401.) The justification for imposing strict liability is that the public interest in human life and health demands the protection of law against the sale of defective products. Since the seller and the manufacturer solicit and invite use of a product...

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