Town of North Kingstown v. North Kingstown Teachers Ass'n

• Decision Date: 30 November 1972
• Docket Number: No. 1704-A,1704-A
• Citation: 110 R.I. 698,297 A.2d 342
• Parties: , 82 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2010, 69 Lab.Cas. P 52,952 TOWN OF NORTH KINGSTOWN et al. v. The NORTH KINGSTOWN TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. ppeal.
• Court: Rhode Island Supreme Court

Page 342

297 A.2d 342

110 R.I. 698, 82 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2010, 69 Lab.Cas. P 52,952

TOWN OF NORTH KINGSTOWN et al. v. The NORTH KINGSTOWN TEACHERS ASSOCIATION.

No. 1704-Appeal.

Supreme Court of Rhode Island.

Nov. 30, 1972.

[110 R.I. 708] Coffey, Ward, McGovern & Novogroski, Arthur Novogroski, John G. Coffey, Jr., Providence, for plaintiffs.

Natale L. Urso, Westerly, for defendant.

OPINION

JOSLIN, Justice.

This dispute arose under the School Teachers' Arbitration Act (G.L.1956 (1968 Reenactment) ch. 9.3 of title 28). A Superior Court justice certified it to this court for hearing and determination on an agreed statement of facts.

It appears that the School Committee of the Town of North Kingstown and the North Kingstown Teachers Association, bargaining agent for the certified teachers in that town's public school system, met for the purpose of determining what terms and conditions of employment for the school year 1971-72 ¹ should be included in a proposed collective bargaining agreement.

When an impasse in negotiations developed, the unresolved issues were submitted to arbitration pursuant to § 28-9.3-9. Included in the submission were association proposals for an agency shop, course reimbursement and longviety pay. Plaintiffs, being dissatisfied with the arbitrators' decision thereon, sought judicial review. Initially they filed a complaint in the Superior Court; ² they then moved that the case be certified to this court for hearing and determination on an agreed statement of facts. The case arrived here under a consent order which certifies three stated questions for our determination.

At the outset we are constrained to comment on the method employed to bring the case to this court. In Nunes v. Town of Bristol, 102 R.I. 729, 731, 232 A.2d 775, 777 (1967), we described similar procedures as 'hybrid' and 'unorthodox.' They evidenced there, as they do here, a lack of appreciation for the differences between certifying an action for hearing and determination on an agreed statement of facts, as provided for in G.L.1956 (1969 Reenactment) § 9-24-25, and certifying questions of doubt and importance pursuant to § 9-24-27. Commenting on those differences, Professor Kent observes '* * * that certification under this section ( § 9-24-25) is of the entire action for determination by the Supreme Court, as contrasted with certification of a question of importance by the Superior Court pursuant to G.L.1956, § 9-24-27, wherein only the question certified is answered, leaving decision of the action to the trial court.' 1 Kent, R.I.Civ.Prac. § 72.3 at 502-03.

Those who ignore these legislatively prescribed procedures run the risk that the certification may go unanswered. It is only because the issue in controversy here, as in Nunes, is of 'extreme public interest' that we are persuaded to act otherwise. Our failure to reject the certification should not, however, be deemed precedential.

We consider the case, then, as if it were properly certified on an agreed statement of fact. In that frame of reference, the issue is whether the arbitrators acted in excess of their jurisdiction with respect to three of the unresolved issues submitted to them.

The first of those issues relates to the arbitrators' authority to order execution of a collective bargaining agreement embodying a provision for what is known in the field of labor relations as an 'agency shop.' In general, such a provision requires a charge or fee to be paid to a certified labor organization by those employees who, although not members of that organization, are nonetheless part of the collective bargaining unit for which it, as bargaining agent, speaks. In this case, the arbitrators directed the parties 'to write' language into their agreement which would give 'full effect' to that portion of their award which states:

'* * * prior to the first payday in October, all teachers as a condition of employment, would have to have paid to the Association dues or a sum equal to dues in the united profession. Such an arrangement does not require membership in the Association, it only requires that dues or an amount equal to dues be paid by all teachers in order to hold employment in the North Kingstown School System.'

That directive's legality becomes suspect because of possible conflict between it and the right-to-work provision of the School Teachers' Arbitration Act ( § 28-9.3-7) which guarantees public school teachers the freedom '* * * to join or to decline to join any association or organization regardless of whether it has been certified as the exclusive representative of certified public school teachers.' (emphasis added)

The plaintiffs argue that the two provisions are completely at odds. They rely upon the judgment of the Supreme Court that an agency shop conditions employment 'upon the practical equivalent of union 'membership. " ³ NLRB v. General Motors Corp., 373 U.S. 734, 743, 83 S.Ct. 1453, 1459, 10 L.Ed.2d 670, 676 (1963). It is unthinkable to them that our Legislature would grant teachers freedom to choose whether or not to affiliate with a labor organization, and simultaneously compel those who opt against joining to pay that organization a 'sum equal to (union) dues' in order to obtain or hold employment.

The defendant, on the other hand, sees nothing incongruous between the two. It argues that the legislators who enacted the School Teachers' Arbitration Act in 1966 must certainly have been aware that several states had by then enacted 'right-to-work laws'; that while some of those laws were silent on whether nonunion members of a bargaining unit could be compelled to contribute to the union, most were restrictive and specifically prohibited the exaction of union dues or other fees from those nonmembers; and that the failure of our Legislature to pattern our act upon the more restrictive models clearly evidences its intention to allow, rather than to ban, the agency shop as a permissible form of union security arrangement. ⁴

This approach finds support in Meade Elec. Co. v. Hagberg, 129 Ind.App. 631, 159 N.E.2d 408 (1959) where it was employed as a rationale for recognizing the legality of an agency shop. It is further aided by the rule of strict construction. ⁵ Application of that rule in this instance justifies the conclusion that the Legislature, by failing to abrogate, either specifically or by clear implication, the common law right of labor and management to include an agency shop clause in a collective bargaining agreement, is presumed not to have intended a change in that law. Hopfl, The Agency Shop Question 49 Cornell L.Q. 478, 483 (1964).

Decisions elsewhere, however, reject these arguments and, in what apparently is the majority view, hold that a right-to-work law, even though lacking a specific prohibition against taxation of nonunion members, will not tolerate an agency shop. Higgins v. Cardinal Mfg. Co., 188 Kan. 11, 360 P.2d 456 (1961); Baldwin v. Arizona Flame Restaurant, Inc., 82 Ariz. 385, 313 P.2d 759 (1957); Schermerhorn v. Local 1625, Retail Clerks, AFL-CIO, 141 So.2d 269 (Fla.1962).

What underlies those decisions is the concept that legislation which '* * * clearly bestows on the workingman a right to join or not join a labor union, as he sees fit, without jeopardizing his job' must of necessity be repugnant to a contract stipulation which '* * * requires the nonunion employee to purchase from the labor union a right * * *' which the right-to-work law has given him. Schermerhorn v. Local 1625, Retail Clerks, AFL-CIO, supra at 272-273. They rest also on the notion that 'the real and rather well-hidden meaning' of a right-to-work law's ban on compulsory unionism includes by necessary implication a prohibition against any forced payment by a worker to a labor organization as the price for obtaining or holding employment. Higgins v. Cardinal Mfg. Co., supra, 188 Kan. at 23, 360 P.2d at 465.

The plaintiffs advance two further arguments in support of the position that it was illegal for the arbitrators to require an agency shop provision to be embodied in this agreement.

The first of those arguments declares that we must assume that the Legislature intended to ban the agency shop, inasmuch as a contrary assumption would subvert the purpose of the tenure laws which in G.L.1956 (1969 Reenactment) § 16-13-3 make 'good and just cause' the only ground for dismissing a tenured teacher. ⁶ The short answer is that the Legislature which established grounds for dismissal can also provide that noncompliance with an agency shop provision will constitute one of those grounds.

In their other and final argument, plaintiffs, in substance, observe that the School Teachers' Arbitration Act declares this state's public policy as affording public school teachers the rights to organize, to be represented, to negotiate professionally, and to bargain on a collective basis; that in similar declarations the Firefighters' and the Policemen's Arbitration Acts extend to firemen and policemen in § 28-9.1-2 and § 28-9.2-2, respectively, '* * * all of the rights of labor other than the right to strike, or engage in any work stoppage or slowdown.' (emphasis added) The differences, plaintiffs say, are significant, and they argue that the more restrictive declaration of teachers' rights evidences a legislative intent to invalidate the agency shop as a union security arrangement. That argument, while perhaps ingenious, is nonetheless speculative for the differences on which they rely as a premise in nowise support their conclusion.

We have adverted sufficiently to the arguments pro and con to make it apparent that for each which points to a possible legislative intention, there is a satisfactory counter pointing to an opposite intention. This is understandably so because nothing either in the language of the Act, or in the report of the legislative commission ⁷...