Trogdon v. State
| Decision Date | 29 November 1892 |
| Docket Number | 16,602 |
| Citation | 32 N.E. 725,133 Ind. 1 |
| Parties | Trogdon v. The State |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
From the Clay Circuit Court.
Judgment reversed, with directions to grant a new trial.
J. E Lamb, J. G. McNutt, S. R. Hamill and G. A. Knight, for appellant.
A. G Smith, Attorney General, for the State.
The appellant was tried on a charge of murder in the first degree. The jury found him guilty of voluntary manslaughter and fixed his punishment at imprisonment in the State Prison for the period of five years.
He seeks a reversal of the judgment of conviction on this verdict, because of alleged error of the Circuit Court in overruling his motion for a new trial.
The first question discussed by counsel for the appellant relates to the action of the trial court in admitting in evidence certain testimony by Dr. Richard Belt, a physician, who examined the decedent after he was shot.
The testimony objected to was as follows:
Question. "You may state the condition in which you found him?"
Answer.
This occurred about one hour after the shooting, and about a quarter of a mile distant from where the shooting took place.
The testimony of the witness was interrupted by counsel for the appellant, who made the following statement: "The defendant admits that Sanders" (the decedent) "died from the wound inflicted by the defendant, and that he died within twenty-four hours after the time the defendant shot him, and upon this admission we object to the question and answer, for the reason that it is immaterial and irrelevant, and not responsive to any matter in issue." A further objection was made to the exclamation of Sanders, that it was no part of the res gestoe, and that the defendant was not bound by the declarations of Sanders at that time.
It is contended that, because of the admission made by the accused, the court committed fatal error in admitting this testimony. It is not necessary for us to consider whether or not the facts observed by this witness, or the statements made either by him or the decedent at the time, are a part of the res gestoe, and admissible upon that ground. The State was required to prove that the accused did, in fact, kill the decedent as charged. While the admission made would seem to obviate the necessity for such proof, the State was not obliged to rest content with the admission. Every presumption is indulged in favor of the action of the trial court. There may have been something in the manner of making the admission unsatisfactory to the prosecutor, and the court might, in its discretion, permit him to supplement the admission by testimony. There was nothing in the exclamations or declarations by the decedent in the nature of a narrative of any past occurrence, or in any manner relating to the accused. The entire testimony only tended to show the condition of the decedent at the time, and that he did, in fact, die of the gunshot wound inflicted by the accused.
It would not have been error for the court to exclude it, and the court did not err in admitting it.
Counsel for the appellant prepared and, at the proper time, tendered to the court several special instructions, and asked that they be given to the jury. The court refused to give any of them, but, on its own motion, gave to the jury instructions evidently intended to cover the entire ground of those asked by the appellant. This action of the court is vigorously assailed by counsel.
They contend that a defendant in a criminal case is entitled to have the jury instructed "specially in his own way," when his request is seasonably made, and the special instructions are correct statements of the law, and applicable to the facts, that a fair construction of the sixth clause of section 1823, R. S., 1881, makes it the imperative duty of the court to give such special instructions, regardless of the fact that it may, on its own motion, or on the motion of the prosecutor, fully cover the ground in other instructions given. By the fifth clause of the section of statute above cited, it is made the duty of the court, in charging the jury, to "State to them all matters of law which are necessary for their information in giving their verdict." A compliance with this statute requires the court to do more than simply place before the jury such general and abstract principles of law as may be applicable to the case in hearing. It requires that they be instructed specially upon such matters of law as may be necessary to aid them in the rendition of a just verdict upon the precise facts involved.
A defendant who desires additional specific instructions, must proceed in accordance with the sixth clause of this section, and ask for them in the proper way, and at the proper time. But it is not true, however, that the court is bound to give all the special instructions thus asked, even if they are precise and accurate statements of the law, presented in due season, and directly applicable to the facts. This provision of the statute is only intended to secure to the defendant the right to specific instructions upon questions not sufficiently covered by other instructions. It is not designed to compel repetition or reiteration.
Nor is it designed to enable either the defendant or the State to require the court to present to the jury, in the form of instructions, their peculiar opinions or theories. The jurors having the power, under the Constitution, to determine the law for themselves in criminal cases, counsel may properly and legitimately, in their argument, present to them their opinions and their theories, but the court, in its instructions, should declare only "the very law."
The rules of criminal procedure are not framed with a view to making difficult the conviction of those who are actually guilty of crime, but to render impossible, or, at least, to minimize the danger of the conviction of an innocent person.
The court did not err in refusing all of the special instructions asked, if it did, in fact, give in lieu thereof other instructions fully covering the same grounds.
This brings us to the consideration of the specific objections to the court's action in giving and refusing instructions.
The accused admitted that he killed the decedent, but insisted that it was done in self-defense. The court instructed the jury very fully relative to the law of self-defense, not only as to the general principles, but specifically applying the law to the facts as they were claimed to be by the defense and by the prosecution respectively...
To continue reading
Request your trial