Trussel v. Commissioner, Docket No. 6226-80.

• Decision Date: 23 November 1982
• Docket Number: Docket No. 6226-80.
• Parties: Howard F. Trussel and Eleanor Trussel v. Commissioner.
• Court: U.S. Tax Court

45 TCM (CCH) 190

1982 TC Memo 680

T.C. Memo. 1982-680.

Howard F. Trussel and Eleanor Trussel v. Commissioner.

Docket No. 6226-80.

United States Tax Court.

Filed November 23, 1982.

Howard F. Trussel, pro se, Roslyn, N.Y. Michael Shaff, for the respondent.

Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion

COHEN, Judge:^*

Respondent determined a deficiency of $939 in petitioners' Federal income tax for 1976. The question presented is whether petitioners are entitled to a home office deduction under section 280A.¹

Findings of Fact

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the exhibits and supplements thereto are incorporated herein by this reference.

Petitioners Howard F. Trussel and Eleanor Trussel resided in Roslyn, New York, at the time they filed their petition herein. They timely filed their joint Federal tax returns for 1976 with the Internal Revenue Service Center at Holtsville, New York.

During the year 1976 Howard F. Trussel (petitioner) was a housing judge in the Civil Court of the City of New York, Bronx County. Petitioner designated the den of his home to be his home office. The den contained two bookshelves, a stationery cabinet, a file cabinet, a desk, a chair, a typewriter on a table, a copying machine, and a closet containing petitioner's work papers. There were no items of a personal nature in the room, and it was used exclusively as an office. Petitioner's employer did not require that housing judges maintain a home office.

Petitioner worked at the Bronx Housing Court during normal business hours, generally 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., except on those occasions when an afternoon trip to a housing site was required by a case before him in court. No time during the regular workday was allocated to any judicial function other than hearing cases. Thus petitioner devoted evenings and weekends to researching the law and writing his opinions. The court did not furnish petitioner with a secretary, a law clerk, a typist, an office, chambers, a telephone, or a typewriter. In addition, the Bronx Housing Court is located in a dangerous neighborhood, and petitioner's safety there after dark could not be guaranteed.

Besides trying cases, petitioner performed various other functions complementary to his specified judicial duties. Petitioner designed and implemented innovative methods and forms that contributed greatly to the Bronx Housing Court's goal of preserving housing stock in the Bronx. He met with landlords, tenants, and community organizations outside of court in efforts to have buildings. He conducted seminars for other Bronx Housing Court officials to instruct them in his innovative techniques. Petitioner spent approximately 32 hours per week in his home office working on these activities, as well as answering litigants' letters, reading relevant legal and housing publications, and preparing his opinions. Such activities did not produce any income in addition to his salary as a judge.

The various extra-judicial activities outlined above were extremely helpful to petitioner, to his employer, and to the public with respect to the goal of preserving housing in the Bronx. Those efforts were praised and often emulated throughout the City. They were not, however, requirements of the job. Petitioner could have fulfilled the minimum requirements of his job by merely sitting in his court room and serving as a trier of housing disputes.

Petitioner deducted $1,625 on his 1976 return for expenses of rent, electricity, and heating attributable to his home office. Petitioner also deducted $1,500 for travel expenses, $220 for telephone expenses, and $360 for tolls. In a notice of deficiency dated February 8, 1980, respondent disallowed the home office deduction in full, $1,305 of the travel expense deduction, $20 of the telephone expense deduction, and all of the deduction for tolls. Petitioner has conceded the accuracy of the disallowance regarding travel, telephone, and tolls, and only challenges respondent's determination of nondeductibility of the home office expenses.

Opinion

Section 280A limits deductions for expenses of an office in the home for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975.² That section cannot readily be understood without reference to the structure of its general rule and the exceptions to the general rule.

Section 280A(a) provides generally that "no deduction * * * shall be allowed with respect to the use of a dwelling unit which is used by the taxpayer during the taxable year as a residence."³ Section 280A(c)(1), as recently amended, sets forth an exception to this general disallowance⁴ by providing that:

(1) Certain business use. — Subsection (a) shall not apply to any item to the extent such item is allocable to a portion of the dwelling unit which is exclusively used on a regular basis —

(A) as the principal place of business for any trade or business of the taxpayer,⁵

(B) as a place of business which is used by patients, clients, or customers in meeting or dealing with the taxpayer in the normal course of his trade or business, or

(C) in the case of a separate structure which is not attached to the dwelling unit, in connection with the taxpayer's trade or business.

In the case of an employee, the preceding sentence shall apply only if the exclusive use referred to in the preceding sentence is for the convenience of his employer.

Petitioner does not contend that he qualifies for a deduction under either (B) or (C) of section 280A(c)(1).

A dollar limitation on deductions for business use of a dwelling unit is set forth in section 280A(c)(5), which provides that:

deductions allowed under this chapter for the taxable year by reason of being attributed to such use shall not exceed the excess of —

(A) the gross income derived from such use for the taxable year, over

(B) the deductions allocable to such use which are allowable under this chapter for the taxable year whether or not such unit (or portion thereof) was so used.

Respondent contends that petitioner fails to qualify for deductions under section 280A in several ways: First, because the maintenance of a home office was not required by petitioner's employer, the office was not maintained by petitioner for the convenience of the employer; second, the home office was not the focal point of petitioner's job and thus was not his principal place of business; and, third, petitioner did not derive any gross income from the use of the home office in excess of deductions otherwise allowable for the office portion of his home. Thus, even if the deduction is allowable under section 280A(c)(1), it is limited to zero under section 280A(c)(5).

Petitioner answers respondent's first argument by pointing out that the statute does not state that the home office must be required by the employer, but only that it be used for the convenience of the employer. Because his employer did not provide him with the facilities required to perform the job expected of him, petitioner argues, without citation of authority, that he has satisfied the "convenience of the employer" test. Petitioner answers respondent's second argument by asserting that his job as a trier of landlord-tenant disputes is merely part of his judicial function; that he must also try to save housing by whatever legal means are available and act as adviser to community groups, landlord groups, and tenant groups in their guests for improved housing; and that when added together, the work he performs in his home office implementing the various parts of his job makes up more than two-thirds of his job. Thus, petitioner concludes, his principal place of business is his home office. Petitioner does not address respondent's third argument. Inasmuch as we hold for reasons set forth below that petiti...