Tsosie v. Califano, 79-1142

Decision Date19 June 1981
Docket NumberNo. 79-1142,79-1142
PartiesVenita TSOSIE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Joseph A. CALIFANO, Jr., Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Defendant-Appellee.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Timothy V. Flynn-O'Brien, Shiprock, N. M. (Judy A. Flynn-O'Brien, Shiprock, N. M., with him, on brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

Robert Varnum, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C. (Barbara Allen Babcock, Asst. Atty. Gen., R. E. Thompson, U. S. Atty., Albuquerque, N. M., and William Kanter, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., with him, on brief), for defendant-appellee.

Before DOYLE, BREITENSTEIN and SEYMOUR, Circuit Judges.

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Venita Tsosie has appealed the decision of the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare that she is ineligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) pursuant to section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), as incorporated by section 1631(c)(3) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1383(c) (3). The district court affirmed the Secretary's decision without opinion. We reverse.

I.

Mrs. Tsosie is the disabled widow of a veteran, living with five of her nine children. She received a surviving spouse pension from the Veterans' Administration (VA) of $227 a month, which includes $118 per month because of the five children in her custody. If Tsosie had lived alone, without her children, she would have been eligible for a total of $109 a month. It is undisputed that Tsosie uses the additional funds to meet the needs of her children.

Prior to 1977, Tsosie also received SSI benefits because of her disability. SSI is a federal income maintenance program administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA). See 42 U.S.C. § 1381 et seq. Persons are eligible for SSI benefits if they are aged, blind, or disabled and if their income and resources fall below certain specified levels. See Id. § 1382(a), (b), (c).

In January 1977, the SSA terminated Tsosie's SSI benefits on the ground that she had income in excess of the then existing statutory limit of $167.80 per month. The SSA calculated Tsosie's monthly income to be $254, 1 a figure which included the entire VA surviving spouse pension received by Tsosie.

Tsosie requested and received reconsideration by the SSA of its decision to terminate her SSI benefits, 2 but her claim was denied. At her hearing before an Administrative Law Judge, she argued that the $118 in VA pension benefits she received because she has children in her custody should be counted as her children's income, rather than her own. If the $118 had not been treated as hers, her income would have been below the statutory limit and she would have remained eligible for SSI benefits. 3 The Administrative Law Judge held that the entire VA pension was countable as her income and that Tsosie was not eligible for further SSI benefits due to excessive income. This decision became the final decision of the Secretary, affirmed by the district court.

II.

The sole issue in this case is whether the SSA may properly count the portion of the VA surviving spouse pension Tsosie receives on account of her children as income to her in determining her eligibility for SSI benefits. 4 Tsosie claims that to attribute the portion of the VA pension paid to her because of her children violates both the letter and the spirit of the Veterans' Benefits Act, 38 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., defeats the purpose of the Social Security Act, and constitutes a denial of equal protection. 5

The Secretary responds that the language of the Veterans' Benefits Act and accompanying regulations indicates that money paid to a surviving spouse on account of children is intended to be the spouse's income, not the children's. The Secretary notes that 38 U.S.C. § 541 refers to a pension "to the surviving spouse," not to the child; that although the VA does provide for apportionment or direct payment to the child, it does so only when the child is not in the surviving spouse's custody, see 38 C.F.R. § 3.450(a)(2), or when there is no surviving spouse, see 38 U.S.C. § 542; and that there is no sanction or penalty requiring a surviving spouse to use any part of the pension on behalf of the spouse's children. Accordingly, the Secretary asserts that the entire pension is to be treated as Tsosie's "income" under the Social Security Act, because it is money "actually available" to her. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.1102, .1120. 6 Moreover, the Secretary asserts that we must give his interpretation a strong presumption of validity because great deference is to be accorded an administrative agency's interpretation of its own regulations.

We agree with the principle that a court should accord substantial weight to the interpretation given a statute or regulation by the agency charged with administering it. See Miller v. Youakim, 440 U.S. 125, 144, 99 S.Ct. 957, 969, 59 L.Ed.2d 194 (1979); Board of Directors & Officers, Forbes Federal Credit Union v. National Credit Union Administration, 477 F.2d 777, 784 (10th Cir. 1973). But this principle has limited application here. The Secretary's determination that Tsosie's entire VA pension is to be treated as her income under the Social Security Act turns almost completely on his reading of the Veterans' Benefits Act and VA regulations. The Secretary's construction is not entitled to special deference to the extent it rests on the interpretation of another agency's statutes and regulations.

We find the Secretary's interpretation unduly legalistic and technical. It relies on the literal meaning of isolated phrases. Little weight is given to the purpose and spirit of the voluminous rules from which the phrases have been lifted. The Secretary is like one who listens to music for individual notes rather than for the melody: he misses the theme.

It is evident the Veterans' Benefits Act intends that the money sent a surviving spouse on account of children in the spouse's custody be spent on the children. Under 38 U.S.C. § 541, the amount the surviving spouse receives increases with each additional child in the spouse's custody. If the spouse becomes ineligible for pension payments because of excess income, the child's portion still continues to be paid. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.257. If the child is not in the surviving spouse's custody, the pension otherwise payable to the spouse may be apportioned. 38 U.S.C. § 3107(b); 38 C.F.R. § 3.450(a) (2). Thus, the whole statutory scheme is structured so as to increase the spouse's pension income according to the number of children in his or her custody. There would be no reason for doing so if the extra money were not to be spent on the children's behalf.

Even though the entire pension is generally "paid to the surviving spouse" when the children are in the spouse's custody, 38 U.S.C. § 541(b), (c), we do not agree with the Secretary's contention that this means the spouse is free to spend the children's portion of the pension payment however the spouse chooses. While "(t)he additional benefits for such dependents will be paid to the ... widow," they are "for such dependents." 38 C.F.R. § 3.450(c) (emphasis added). 38 U.S.C. § 543(a)(2) provides that when the corpus of a "child's estate is such that under all the circumstances ... it is reasonable that some part of the corpus of the child's estate be consumed for the child's maintenance," the additional pension benefits paid the surviving spouse on account of the child are to be denied or discontinued. (Emphasis added). Analogously, the regulations provide that amounts payable to a surviving spouse for a child in his custody but residing with someone else may be apportioned if the surviving spouse "is not reasonably contributing to the child's support." 38 C.F.R. § 3.450(e) (emphasis added). The regulations also state that "(n)o apportionment will be made where the ... widow ... is providing for dependents." Id. § 3.450(c) (emphasis added). By negative implication, apportionment will occur where the surviving spouse is failing to provide for the dependents. More specifically, the VA regulations provide:

"Without regard to any other provision regarding apportionment where hardship is shown to exist, pension ... may be specially apportioned between ... the widow and children on the basis of the facts in the individual case ...."

Id. § 3.451. Thus, if the surviving spouse creates hardship by failing to care for the children, the spouse's pension is subject to apportionment.

Congress may have chosen to pay both the children's and the parent's share to the parent for reasons of administrative convenience, with subsequent apportionment if hardship results. Since the surviving spouse is presumably the person providing for the needs of the children in the spouse's custody, it is simpler to send the money directly to the parent. Moreover, the assumption underlying the Veterans' Benefits Act may be that children are not mature enough to determine how to wisely utilize their pension benefits. The VA regulations do provide for payment to the child when he or she reaches the age of majority. See id. § 3.403.

Since the structure of the Veterans' Benefits Act and regulations indicates that the children's portion of a surviving spouse's pension check is intended for the children's needs, it is not...

To continue reading

Request your trial
29 cases
  • Bonnichsen v. U.S., Dept. of Army
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Oregon
    • June 27, 1997
    ...agency similarly entrusted with powers of interpretation) (citing Lieberman v. FTC, 771 F.2d 32, 37 (2d Cir.1985)); Tsosie v. Califano, 651 F.2d 719, 722 (10th Cir.1981) (agency's interpretation of another agency's statutes and regulations is not entitled to special It appears that the NAGP......
  • New Jersey Air Nat. Guard v. Federal Labor Relations Authority
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (3rd Circuit)
    • May 11, 1982
    ...defer to the FLRA's reading of the Technician Act, or to its resolution of the conflict between the two statutes. Cf. Tsosie v. Califano, 651 F.2d 719, 722 (10th Cir. 1981) (Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare's construction of agency regulations "is not entitled to special deference......
  • Harris v. State, Dept. of Labor and Industries
    • United States
    • United States State Supreme Court of Washington
    • January 21, 1993
    ...workers of an adequate income. The retirement program should be construed liberally in favor of the retired worker. Tsosie v. Califano, 651 F.2d 719, 723 (10th Cir.1981); Delno v. Celebrezze, 347 F.2d 159, 162 (9th Cir.1965). Thus we should start with the premise that the worker is entitled......
  • White v. Shalala
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (2nd Circuit)
    • October 14, 1993
    ...income for his own benefit rather than for the dependant. See, e.g., Whaley v. Schweiker, 663 F.2d 871 (9th Cir.1981); Tsosie v. Califano, 651 F.2d 719 (10th Cir.1981). Following those decisions, the Secretary adopted SSR 82-31, which counts the augmented portion paid to the veteran as unea......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
1 books & journal articles
  • Nonpoint source pollution
    • United States
    • Introduction to environmental law: cases and materials on water pollution control - 2d Edition
    • July 23, 2017
    ...See N.J. Air Nat’l Guard v. FLRA , 677 F.2d 276, 281-82 & n.6 (3d Cir. 1982); see also Nonpoint Source Pollution 995 Tsosie v. Califano , 651 F.2d 719, 722 (10th Cir. 1981) (agency’s interpretation of another agency’s statutes and regulations not entitled to deference). 843 F.2d at 791 n.12......

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT