Turnbull v. Herald Co.

• Decision Date: 27 October 1970
• Docket Number: No. 33696,33696
• Parties: Jesse TURNBULL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The HERALD COMPANY, d/b/a Globe-Democrat Publishing Company, Defendant-Respondent.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 516

459 S.W.2d 516

Jesse TURNBULL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The HERALD COMPANY, d/b/a Globe-Democrat Publishing Company Defendant-Respondent.

No. 33696.

St. Louis Court of Appeals, Missouri.

Oct. 27, 1970.

Lawrence O. Willbrand, St. Louis, for appellant.

Hocker, Goodwin, Gibbons & Fehlig, Hugh E. Gibbons, St. Louis, for respondent.

WEIER, Commissioner.

Plaintiff sued defendant publishing company for an alleged libel. Trial by jury resulted in a verdict for plaintiff awarding him $2,500.00 actual damages and $2,500.00 punitive damages. Acting upon after-trial motion, the court denied that part of the motion requesting that the verdict and judgment be set aside and that judgment be entered in favor of defendant in accordance with defendant's motion for a directed verdict. But it set aside the judgment and sustained defendant's motion for a new trial because of error in giving the verdict directing instruction offered by plaintiff.

The controversy arose out of the publication of a news article in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, a daily newspaper in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 18, 1969. The article, together with the headline, as set forth in the petition and admitted in the answer, read as follows:

'RAID ON HOUSE FINDS THOUSANDS IN JEWELRY

'Jessie Turnbull, 48, was arrested about 8:30 p.m. Monday when police raided his home at 206 Douglas St. and found thousands of dollars in jewelry, police reported.

'Turnbull was booked suspected of burglary, buying and receiving stolen goods and being a suspect from Florissant.

'Included in the items found were watches, rings, cufflinks, jeweler's tools and watch parts. About 15 or 20 antique pocket watches also were found, police said.

'Police believe some of the items taken in a burglary at the Bill Mueller Jewelry store, 161 Cross Keys Shopping Center, Florissant.

'Turnbull was arrested by members of Maj. John Doherty's special investigative task squad, a group which was formed recently.'

Plaintiff in his petition declared the article was untrue and was published 'intentionally, willfully, wantonly, and maliciously.' Defendant denied this assertion and affirmatively pleaded the defenses of truth and privilege.

There was no dispute over the facts that Jesse Turnbull, the plaintiff, had been arrested by the police at his home, and that they found jewelry there. The police held plaintiff for investigation and after twenty hours released him without any charge being filed. Plaintiff contended, however, that two statements in the article were false and that defendant should therefore respond in damages. The first of these is the report that the police in raiding plaintiff's home found thousands of dollars in jewelry, whereas, according to plaintiff, the value of the jewelry was about five hundred dollars. The second misstatement was the report that some of the items were taken in a burglary at the Bill Mueller jewelry store in Florissant. Accoring to the newspaper account, this statement was described as being believed by the police officers. The newspaper reporter testified this information was given him by the police. A policeman who was involved in the investigation and arrest testified that he believed this jewelry came from that source. The police had Mueller come to police headquarters to look at the jewelry. Plaintiff related in his testimony that a man he believed to be Mueller came to the police station after plaintiff's arrest, said he was from the jewelry company, but failed to identify the jewelry as being property of the company.

Defendant on appeal maintains that its motion for directed verdict at the close of all the evidence should have been sustained. It contends the court below should have entered judgment in favor of the defendant because the publication was substantially true and those portions claimed to be libelous were inconsequential or slight inaccuracies which were immaterial if the main portion or charge of the article was true and correct. It further asserted the article was a report of police action; there was no proof of malice; and hence privilege was a complete defense. These contentions, if sustained by us, would rule the case and prevent any further consideration of error in the verdict directing instruction found by the trial court. This is for the reason that as in other tort actions, a court has the duty to direct a verdict for the defendant if the evidence fails to sutain plaintiff's case. Bernhardt v. Armbruster, Mo.App., 217 S.W.2d 759, 762(1).

First we will consider the defense of truth, since if the facts stated are true, the defense of privilege is not necessary because truth is always a defense to a charge of libel. Constitution of Missouri, V.A.M.S., Art. 1, Sec. 8; Civil Rule 55.22, V.A.M.R.; Pulliam v. Bond, Mo., 406 S.W.2d 635, 642(10). The test to be administered in determining accuracy is whether the article is substantially true. It is not necessary that the precise facts contained in the report are literally true. 'Slight inaccuracies of expression are immaterial if the defamatory charge is true in substance.' Kleinschmidt v. Johnson, Mo., 183 S.W.2d 82, 86(9). See also Kleinschmidt v. Bell, 353 Mo. 516, 183 S.W.2d 87, 90(2); MAI 2d Ed. No. 32.12. As stated in I Hanson: Libel and Related Torts, Sec. 99, p. 82:

'Historically, a defendant raising this defense was required to prove the literal truth of each and every detail of his statement. * * * often carried to absurd extremes. There is a tendency now to require only that defendant show his statement was substantially true, that is, that the gist or sting of the statement was true.'

The test then to be applied to the newspaper account of the arrest of the plaintiff was whether it was substantially accurate. There is here no doubt that the arrest was made. Plaintiff was held suspected of burglary. He admitted the arrest in his testimony. The gist of the article was the account of the arrest. This was the part that carried the sting and would have been defamatory if untrue. But plaintiff himself admits this to be true. His concern and admitted theory of his counsel is defamation by publication of the value of jewelry found in the raid at 'thousands of dollars' and the recitation of the opinion or belief of the police officers that some of the items were taken in a burglary of the Mueller jewelry store.

As to the value of the jewelry, preliminary estimates of value by persons who are not expert are frequently inaccurate and apparently were inaccurate in this instance. But the plaintiff testified the items had a value of five hundred dollars, which, although much less than the amount reported, is nevertheless a substantial sum. As a matter of fact, in an arrest for burglary it would make no great difference what value the items bore. The sting of the article is the arrest of plaintiff suspected of burglary. In the case of McCracken v. Evening News Association, 3 Mich.App. 32, 141 N.W.2d 694, a warrant was issued specifying fraud amounting to approximately $50,000. The newspaper article reported the amount as $100,000. On appeal the judgment allowing recovery in the lower court was reversed and remanded for entry of judgment for the defendant. The appeals court found this account of the larger amount was an inaccuracy which did not alter the complexion of the essential facts. It would have no different effect on the reader's mind than that produced by the literal truth. There was no proof that such a variance would cause damage to plaintiff. We have the same opinion on the effect of the variance between the testimony of plaintiff as to value and the news report in the case before us.

Turning now to the defense of truth as it applies to that portion of the article which recited police believed some items to have been taken in a burglary at the Mueller jewelry store, we do not arrive at the same conclusion. Since plaintiff was in possession of items of jewelry at the time of the arrest for burglary, by innuendo, the reader of the article could readily infer that plaintiff had burglarized or that he had bought and received stolen jewelry from that store. This was false under the evidence. The witness from this store had failed to identify any of the items. Charges were not prosecuted after the arrest. Turnbull was released. One may not seek justification in stating false facts about someone merely because another person has stated them. Warren v. Pulitzer Pub. Co., 336 Mo. 184, 78 S.W.2d 404. But defendant also asserts that the evidence shows the publication of this statement was privileged; and since no proof of malice was made, its motion for directed verdict should have been sustained on that ground.

Based upon public policy the law recognizes certain communications to be privileged, and, as such, not within the rules imposing liability for defamation. A privileged communication is one which would be defamatory except for the occasion on which or the circumstances under which it is made. Privileged communications are divided into two general classes: 1) those which have an absolute privilege and 2) those that bear a qualified or conditional privilege. 50 Am.Jur.2d, Libel and Slander, Sec. 192, p. 695.

Communications which are absolutely privileged are confined within narrow limits to cases in which the public service or the administration of justice requires complete immunity...