U.S. ex rel. Sanney v. Montanye

• Decision Date: 18 November 1974
• Docket Number: D,No. 709,709
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Harry L. SANNEY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Hon. Ernest L. MONTANYE, Superintendent Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, New York, Respondent-Appellee. ocket 73-2534.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 411

500 F.2d 411

UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Harry L. SANNEY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Hon. Ernest L. MONTANYE, Superintendent Attica Correctional

Facility, Attica, New York, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 709, Docket 73-2534.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued May 6, 1974.

Decided June 20, 1974, Certiorari Denied Nov. 18, 1974, See

95 S.Ct. 506.

Herman Schwartz, Amherst, N.Y. (Edward I. Koren, New York Civil Liberties Union, Amherst, N.Y., of counsel), for petitioner-appellant.

Margery Evans Reifler, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Louis J. Lefkowitz, Atty. Gen., of N.Y., Samuel A. Hirshowitz, First Asst. Atty. Gen., New York City, of counsel), for respondent-appellee.

Before ANDERSON, FEINBERG and MANSFIELD, Circuit Judges.

MANSFIELD, Circuit Judge.

Petitioner Marry L. Sanney is presently serving a five to ten year sentence in the Attica Correctional Facility based on his plea of guilty in the Niagara County Court on May 25, 1970, to a charge of assault in the first degree. He challenges that conviction and the underlying indictment on the ground that they were the product of incriminating statements which he was compelled to make on the occasion of an interview for private employment. The district court denied a writ of habeas corpus, without evidentiary hearing. ¹ We affirm.

The facts surrounding petitioner's conviction are undisputed. In December 1965 Sanney reported to the police that he had discovered the body of Charles Reynolds in a coal yard in Lockport, New York. Sanney admitted to the police that he and Reynolds had been together the night before; he naturally became a leading suspect in the murder case. The police questioned him at length, but did not arrest him.

In February 1966 Sanney applied for a position at the Reid Petroleum Corporation in Lockport and was hired. As part of the normal pre-employment testing, a company employee, John Bewick, on February 5, 1966, administered a polygraph examination. During this test Sanney stated that he had been a suspect in a murder case and moreover that he had not told the police the full story of his involvement, omitting the fact that he had hit or pushed the victim. According to the interrogator (Bewick) Sanney was nervous before this disclosure but appeared to experience a sense of relief at having made it, although he also seemed to be worried about losing his prospective job.

Bewick relayed this information to the police. At their request Bewick agreed to conduct a second polygraph session to explore further the role of Sanney in the murder. The district attorney and police also arranged with Bewick to carry a concealed transmitter so that they could in an adjoining room hear and record the conversation.

After Sanney had been on the job a day or two he was asked to submit to a second polygraph examination in connection with his qualifying for the position. On February 8, 1966, the second examination was conducted in Bewick's office, where Bewick pursued in depth the question of Sanney's involvement with Reynolds. Under Bewick's questioning Sanney admitted that he had dealt Reynolds a blow with a 2 x 4 piece of wood that lay about the coal yard. The police overheard the entire discussion and arrested Sanney shortly thereafter.

On the strength of his admissions to Bewick, Sanny was charged with manslaughter in the first degree. Sanney moved to dismiss the indictment on the grounds that his admissions to Bewick were the product of an interrogation that violated his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights. The state court agreed and dismissed the indictment. On appeal the indictment was re-instated. The Appellate Division ruled that Miranda warnings were not required because Sanney was not in custody at the time of the polygraph test and that Sanney's Fourth Amendment rights had not been violated by the electronic transmission of his conversation with Bewick. People v. Sanney, 32 A.D.2d 737, 301 N.Y.S.2d 899 (4th Dept.1969).

Eventually Sanney pleaded guilty to a charge of assault in the first degree in satisfaction of the manslaughter indictment. He also pleaded guilty to a charge of assault in the second degree in satisfaction of a second set of charges lodged against him while he was free on bail. In June of 1970 Sanney was sentenced to a term ranging from a minimum of five to a maximum of ten years on the first charge and concurrently to a maximum of seven years on the second charge.

Sanney appealed from his conviction on the first charge, again raising the argument that his admissions were the product of illegal interrogation. The conviction was affirmed by the Appellate Division without opinion and leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals denied. Certiorari was denied by the Supreme Court. Sanney v. New York, 404 U.S. 978, 92 S.Ct. 344, 30 L.Ed.2d 294 (1971). Sanney then filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

Discussion

As a threshold matter the state maintains that Sanney waived any objection he might have to the admission of his confession by pleading guilty to the charge. See McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970). However, under New York law an accused, despite his guilty plea, may challenge his conviction if he has sought to suppress the confession prior to his plea. N.Y.Crim.Proc.Law 710.70(2) (McKinney 1971). ² The district court reasoned that Sanney had in substance met the requirements of the New York law by his earlier motion directed against the indictment which 'raised the claims upon which a motion to suppress would have been based,'352 F.Supp. 947, 948 (W.D.N.Y.1973), and concluded that the state courts had rejected Sanney's later appeal on the merits and not for the failure to meet a technical requirement under the criminal procedure code, 352 F.Supp. at 948-949. We agree and hold that Sanney did not waive the constitutional claims asserted here.

Turning to the merits, petitioner first urges, principally on the basis of Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493, 87 S.Ct. 616, 17 L.Ed.2d 562 (1967), and Spevack v. Klein, 385 U.S. 511, 87 S.Ct. 625, 17 L.Ed.2d 574 (1967), that his incriminating admissions were the inadmissible product of economic coercion imposed by an agent of the state (Bewick), since Sanney's continued employment at Reid Petroleum Corporation was conditioned upon his submitting to the second polygraph test, during the course of which he furnished the damaging evidence. In Garrity the Court held that statements obtained by the State of New Jersey from police officers under the threat that, unless they waived their privilege against self-incrimination, they would be removed from office pursuant to a state statute, were involuntary and inadmissible in state criminal proceedings later instituted against them, since the statements had been obtained by unconstitutionally coercive means. Spevack extended the same principle to a state's threatened disbarment of a practicing attorney for refusal to furnish incriminating statements and documents. The district court held Garrity and Spevack inapplicable to the present case on the ground that they applied only to threatened 'forfeiture of a governmental benefit, public employment' and not to the loss of private employment. Although we agree with the result reached by the court we cannot, in view of the Supreme Court's more recent decision in Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U.S. 70, 94 S.Ct. 316, 38 L.Ed.2d 274 (1973), share its reasoning, which restricts the principle of these cases too narrowly.

In Lefkowitz the Supreme Court held that a state could not compel incriminatory answers from independent contractors under the threat that unless they waived immunity they would be disqualified from contracting with state agencies for a period of five years. It found no constitutional significance in the fact that the statements were sought or obtained through coercion practiced upon members of the private, as distinguished from public, sector. The controlling factor is not the public or private status of the person from whom the information is sought but the fact that the state had involved itself in the use of a substantial economic threat to coerce a person into furnishing an incriminating statement. Nor do we perceive any consequence flowing from the fact that the threat in the present case was conveyed through a private employer, admittedly acting as an agent for the police, rather than through a person on the public payroll. The state's involvement is no less real for having been indirect and no less impermissible for having been concealed. The state is prohibited in either event from compelling a statement through economically coercive means, whether they are direct or indirect.

Petitioner's reliance upon the Garrity-Spevack line of cases is misplaced, however, for a different reason. He erroneously assumes that the mere risk of any adverse economic consequence, however slight or insubstantial, that might result from failure to furnish a statement will automatically call for application of the principle. We disagree. A statement challenged on the ground that it was obtained as the result of economic sanctions must be rejected as involuntary only where the pressure reasonably appears to have been of sufficiently appreciable size and substance to deprive the accused of his 'free choice to admit, to deny, or to refuse to answer.' Garrity, supra, 385 U.S. at 496, 87 S.Ct. at 618, quoting from Lisenba v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 241, 62 S.Ct. 280, 86 L.Ed. 166. It must amount to a choice 'between the rock and the whirlpool,' 385 U.S. at 498, 87 S.Ct. at 619. As the Supreme Court recognized in Lefkowitz, supra, the economic sanctions calling for application of the principle of Garrity must be 'substantial,' 414 U.S. at 82, 94 S.Ct. 316. For the policemen in Garrity, for instance, the loss of their positions could be objectively viewed as amounting to the end of their police careers. Similarly disbarment usually entails...