U.S. ex rel. Peeples v. Greer, 83-2250

• Decision Date: 20 July 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-2250,83-2250
• Citation: 739 F.2d 262
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Phillip PEEPLES, Petitioner-Appellant, v. James GREER, Warden, Menard, Michael Lane, Director of the Department of Corrections, Respondents-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 262

739 F.2d 262

UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Phillip PEEPLES Petitioner-Appellant, v. James GREER, Warden, Menard, Michael Lane, Director of the Department of Corrections, Respondents-Appellees.

No. 83-2250.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 15, 1984.

Decided July 13, 1984.

As Amended July 20, 1984.

Charles M. Schiedel, Asst. State Appellate Defender, Springfield, Ill., for petitioner-appellant.

Jack Donatelli, Asst. Atty. Gen., of Ill., Chicago, Ill., for respondents-appellees.

Before CUMMINGS, Chief Judge, FLAUM, Circuit Judge, and PARSONS, Senior District Judge. ^*

PARSONS, Senior District Judge.

The petitioner, Phillip Peeples, in his appeal to this court seeks review of Federal District Judge Harold Baker's denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 566 F.Supp. 580 (C.D.Ill.1983). The issue presented is whether the Illinois statute providing for an extended sentence of imprisonment when the trial court finds that the offense has been accompanied by "exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty", should be held unconstitutional as a violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Upon review we find no constitutional violation either in the statute or in the manner of its application in the case and we affirm Judge Baker's order of dismissal. The issue raised by the petitioner that merits analysis is the effect on this case of Solem v. Helm, --- U.S. ----, 103 S.Ct. 3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983), a decision which came down after the decision of Judge Baker but before briefs were filed in this appeal.

The facts relating to Peeples' conviction are not disputed. On March 24, 1980, he was charged with murder in the Circuit Court of Champaign County, Illinois, following the death of a young substitute librarian in an elementary school in Champaign who happened on the day of her death to be working at the same school where the petitioner was employed as a part-time maintenance man. Her body was found on the floor of the library during the noon hour. Her throat had been slashed and she had been molested sexually. The evidence was overwhelming that Peeples was her attacker. Following a bench trial, the state trial court found Peeples guilty of murder and sentenced him to an extended term statute. ¹ As required by the statute, the judge made the finding that petitioner's offense was indicative of wanton cruelty. ² On July 22, 1981 the state appellate court affirmed his conviction and sentence, and on November 30, 1981 the Illinois Supreme Court denied his petition for leave to appeal. The petitioner then filed this habeas corpus action.

In his opinion denying the writ, Judge Baker rejected the petitioner's claim that the words used in the statute, specifically the words, "exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty", permit arbitrary and capricious impositions of sentences in that they have no directive content nor objective meaning. In his opinion he discussed in detail the state appellate court's decision which had considered and rejected this same claim of unconstitutionality. Peeples' argument before Judge Baker was based heavily on Godfrey v Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980). In that case the United States Supreme Court had ruled as unconstitutional a Georgia statute which had allowed the imposition of the death penalty in cases where the offense "was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or an aggravated battery to the victim." Id. at 422, 100 S.Ct. at 1762.

Judge Baker relied heavily on the numerous decisions of the Illinois Appellate and Supreme Courts which addressed the extended term statute. These courts had held consistently that the words used in the Illinois statute were sufficiently definite to satisfy both the federal and state constitutions. He noted that they found the words to be of common, everyday and popularly understood meaning. He also concluded that the language, particularly when applied to Peeples' case, permitted sentencing to be based on thoughtful, orderly and informed processes and that the statute should not be found unconstitutional under either the Eighth or the Fourteenth Amendments. ³

Peeples' had brought into his argument Eighth Amendment decisions of the Supreme Court which had established constitutional proscriptions against state statutes that permitted arbitrary and capricious impositions of the death penalty: Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976); and Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 96 S.Ct. 2960, 49 L.Ed.2d 913 (1976). Judge Baker concluded that the Eighth Amendment's proscription against cruel and unusual punishment in death penalty cases would not necessarily apply to statutes providing for sentences that merely extend terms of years of imprisonment. As he said, "[t]he United States Supreme Court had never held a sentence for a term of years to be, by itself, cruel and unusual punishment."

Between the decision of Judge Baker filed on June 14, 1983, and the filing of the appeal before this court, Solem v. Helm, --- U.S. ----, 103 S.Ct. 3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983), (decided on June 28, 1983), was handed down by the Supreme Court. For the first time the Supreme Court found a term of years to be cruel and unusual punishment. In that South Dakota case, the Court was considering an extended sentence statute in a case involving a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of probation or parole. The sentence was imposed upon a defendant who had been convicted of uttering a "no account" check for the amount of $100. The South Dakota recidivist statute had been invoked because the defendant had had five prior (nonviolent) felony convictions. The Supreme Court stated that the final part of the Eighth Amendment's declaration, which recites that no cruel and unusual punishments shall be inflicted, prohibited not only barbaric punishment but also sentences that are disproportionate to the crime committed. The majority in Solem held "that a criminal sentence must be proportionate to the crime for which the defendant has been convicted." Id. 103 S.Ct. at 3009. In particular, the opinion observed that a court's proportionality analysis under the Eighth Amendment is to be guided by objective criteria including: (i) the gravity...