U.S. v. Acosta-Olivas

• Decision Date: 05 December 1995
• Docket Number: D,No. 94-2281,ACOSTA-OLIVA,94-2281
• Citation: 71 F.3d 375
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Jesusefendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 375

71 F.3d 375

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Jesus ACOSTA-OLIVAS, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 94-2281.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

Dec. 5, 1995.

Richard A. Friedman, Appellate Section, Criminal Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. (John J. Kelly, United States Attorney, and Larry Gomez, Assistant United States Attorney, District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, with him on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Ron Koch, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before ANDERSON, LOGAN, and REAVLEY, ^* Circuit Judges.

STEPHEN H. ANDERSON, Circuit Judge.

The government appeals from the district court's imposition of a seventy-eight month sentence on defendant Jesus Acosta-Olivas. The district court determined that Mr. Acosta-Olivas qualified for a downward departure from the statutory minimum mandatory sentence of ten years, because he met all the requirements of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(f). ¹ This appeal addresses the scope of Sec. 3553(f)(5), which requires defendants seeking relief from a statutory mandatory minimum to truthfully provide the government with "all information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(f)(5). For the following reasons, we remand.

BACKGROUND

On March 9, 1994, Francisco Javier Rosales-Quiroz, accompanied by his wife and small child, drove a 1990 Nissan Sentra to the United States Border Patrol checkpoint near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. When questioned by Border Patrol agents about their citizenship, they produced documentation, and when questioned about the car, Rosales-Quiroz stated that he owned the car and had purchased it approximately fifteen days before. A Border Patrol agent apparently recognized the car as the type which was commonly used to hide contraband in its bumpers. When he inspected the rear bumper of the Rosales-Quiroz car, the agent noticed that mud had been placed on the bolts and brackets. With Rosales-Quiroz's consent, the agent removed the rear bumper and found fourteen plastic packages containing a substance which field-tested positive for cocaine. Rosales-Quiroz and his wife were arrested, and a search of their car revealed 23.4 kilograms of cocaine.

Rosales-Quiroz gave conflicting stories as to the details of where in Albuquerque the cocaine was to be delivered. However, consistent with what he had told one DEA agent, Rosales-Quiroz called a telephone number in El Paso, Texas, and was told to go to room 213 at the Howard Johnson Plaza Hotel in Albuquerque. A DEA agent supervised this phone call.

When agents went to the hotel, they observed a man matching Rosales-Quiroz's description of "Willie," whom Rosales-Quiroz said paid him to deliver the cocaine. When Rosales-Quiroz and another agent drove Rosales-Quiroz's car to the hotel parking lot, Mr. Acosta-Olivas approached the car and asked the agent if he had the "produce." When the agent indicated it was in the car, Mr. Acosta-Olivas said he did not want to remove the drugs in the parking lot, and said he would follow the car to a warehouse where they could remove the contraband. When he returned to the parking lot to get into his car, after collecting his family from the hotel, Mr. Acosta-Olivas was arrested.

Rosales-Quiroz pled guilty to conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute. The government filed a motion stating that he had provided substantial assistance to the government under USSG Sec. 5K.1, and he was sentenced to 24 months imprisonment.

Mr. Acosta-Olivas also pled guilty, but refused to cooperate with the government. He did, however, provide the government and court with a letter describing his own involvement in the conspiracy.

Because of the quantity of cocaine involved, Mr. Acosta-Olivas was subject to the statutory mandatory minimum of ten years, under 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(b)(1)(A). He sought relief from the mandatory minimum under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(f). The district court determined that he qualified under Sec. 3553(f) for relief from the minimum mandatory sentence and calculated his sentence as follows: the court adopted the presentence report recommendation that the base offense level was 34 under USSG Sec. 2D1.1(c)(3), based upon the 23.4 kilograms of cocaine. The court also adopted the presentence report's recommendation that Mr. Acosta-Olivas receive the maximum three-level adjustment for acceptance of responsibility under USSG Sec. 3E1.1(a) & (b). The court gave Mr. Acosta-Olivas a further three-level adjustment because he was a minor participant. ² The court accordingly calculated that the total offense level was 28, which, with Mr. Acosta-Olivas' criminal history category I, yielded a guideline range of 78-97 months. The court then sentenced him to a seventy-eight month term. This appeal by the government followed.

DISCUSSION

The only issue in this case is whether the district court correctly determined that Mr. Acosta-Olivas met the requirements of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(f)(5). Section 3553(f) provides that a defendant can be given a guideline sentence, instead of the mandatory minimum prescribed by statute, if the court finds at sentencing that:

(1) the defendant does not have more than 1 criminal history point, as determined under the sentencing guidelines;

(2) the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of violence or possess a firearm or other dangerous weapon (or induce another participant to do so) in connection with the offense;

(3) the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury to any person;

(4) the defendant was not an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of others in the offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines and was not engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise, as defined in 21 U.S.C. 848; and

(5) not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan, but the fact that the defendant has no relevant or useful other information to provide or that the Government is already aware of the information shall not preclude a determination by the court that the defendant has complied with this requirement.

18 U.S.C. 3553(f). The government argues that Sec. 3553(f)(5) requires a defendant "to tell the government all he knows about the offense of conviction and the relevant conduct, including the identities and participation of others, in order to qualify for relief from the statutory mandatory minimum sentence." Appellant's Br. at 10. Mr. Acosta-Olivas argues that the section merely requires him to detail his own personal involvement in the crime, and he asserts that the district court correctly held that his letter met that standard.

We review de novo the district court's interpretation of a statute or the sentencing guidelines. United States v. Richards, 67 F.3d 1531, 1533 (10th Cir.1995); United States v. Wilson, 41 F.3d 1403, 1404 (10th Cir.1994); United States v. Phelps, 17 F.3d 1334, 1337 (10th Cir.1994). ³

Section 3553(f) was enacted as a "safety valve" to permit courts to sentence less culpable defendants to sentences under the guidelines, instead of imposing mandatory minimum sentences. As the legislative history of the section states, without such a safety valve, for "the very offenders who most warrant proportionally lower sentences--offenders that by guideline definitions are the least culpable--mandatory minimums generally operate to block the sentence from reflecting mitigating factors." H.R.Rep. No. 103-460, 103d Cong., 2d Sess., 1994 WL 107571 (1994). This would have the unfortunate effect that the "least culpable offenders may receive the same sentences as their relatively more culpable counterparts." Id. The legislative history does not, however, assist us in interpreting the scope of Sec. 3553(f)(5). We conclude that the plain language of the statute and its implementing guideline, as well as the scheme of the guidelines, indicate that the government's interpretation is correct. The few cases addressing this provision with any specificity have so held.

As indicated, the statute and guideline themselves require the disclosure of "all information and evidence ... concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3553(f)(5). The phrase "all information and evidence" is obviously broad. The Application Notes to Sec. 5C1.2 define "offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan" to mean "the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct." USSG Sec. 5C1.2, comment. (n. 3). "Relevant conduct" has in turn been defined to include "in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity ... all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity." USSG Sec. 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). Thus, the guidelines appear to require disclosure of "all information" concerning the offense of conviction and the acts of others if the offense of conviction is a conspiracy or other joint activity.

As applied to Mr. Acosta-Olivas, the guideline would therefore require disclosure of everything he knows about his own actions and those of his co-conspirators. See United States v. Rodriguez, 69 F.3d 136, 143 (7th Cir.1995) (affirming district court's conclusion that defendant was ineligible for a Sec. 3553(f) reduction because "he produced no information concerning the offense; if he did not know the identities of [drug suppliers or buyers], then he should have at least communicated that fact to the government"); United States v. Wrenn, 66 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1995) (rejecting applicability of Sec. 3553(f), stating defendant "did not provide the...