U.S. v. Adesida

• Decision Date: 19 November 1997
• Docket Number: No. 96-3306,96-3306
• Citation: 129 F.3d 846
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Adebowale ADESIDA, Defendant-Appellant. Sixth Circuit
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 846

129 F.3d 846

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Adebowale ADESIDA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-3306.

United States Court of Appeals,Sixth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 28, 1997.

Decided Nov. 19, 1997.

Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc Denied Jan. 6, 1998.

Robert A. Burke (argued and briefed), Klaine, Wiley, Hoffmann & Meurer, Cincinnati, OH, for Defendant-Appellant.

Robert Brichler (argued), James M. Coombe (briefed), Office of the U.S. Attorney, Cincinnati, OH, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before: CONTIE, DAUGHTREY and COLE, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

CONTIE, Circuit Judge.

Defendant-appellant, Adebowale Adesida, appeals the district court's denial of his motion for a new trial, which defendant made when the case was before the district court upon a remand for resentencing. For the following reasons, we affirm.

I.

On December 1, 1993, defendant was indicted on a four-count indictment. The count at issue in the present appeal is Count One, which charged defendant with conspiracy "to knowingly, willfully, intentionally, and unlawfully import and attempt to import" heroin into the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 952 and § 963. In Counts Two and Three, defendant was charged with money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. In Count Four, defendant was charged with attempt to import heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 952 and § 963 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. On March 3, 1994, the grand jury issued a superseding indictment which charged the same facts as the original indictment. A jury trial was held, and on April 1, 1994, defendant was found guilty on all counts.

On July 8, 1994, defendant was sentenced. The United States Sentencing Guidelines established a guideline sentencing range of 292 to 365 months. However, the district court departed downward from the sentencing range and imposed a sentence of 240 months. The United States appealed the downward departure, and on appeal, a panel of this court found that the district court had not given a reason for the downward departure and remanded the case to the district court to state its reason for the downward departure. Because the original sentencing judge had died, the case was assigned to a second district court judge, who found nothing in the record to justify a downward departure from the sentencing range of 292-365 months and sentenced defendant to a term of 292 months imprisonment.

While the case was before the district court on remand, defendant made a motion for a new trial on the ground that defects in Count One of the indictment caused a miscarriage of justice. The district court first noted that defendant's motion for a new trial was untimely. The court then stated:

The Court found that all legal issues raised by Defendant in support of his motion for a new trial had been waived, inasmuch as Defendant did not raise them at trial or on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and cannot now be raised before this Court.

The district court then denied defendant's motion for a new trial.

Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, alleging that pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(b)(2), he may raise the defects in the indictment at any time in the course of the proceedings, and, therefore, the issues he raises are not waived.

Defendant makes three claims in regard to Count One of the indictment:

(1) that there was a danger that his conviction on Count One resulted from a less than unanimous jury verdict because Count One charged two offenses and was duplicitous;

(2) that Count One of the indictment failed to charge an offense; and (3) that trial counsel's failure to raise the issues arising from the defects in the indictment constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.

II.

Count One of the indictment charged defendant with conspiracy "to knowingly, willfully, intentionally, and unlawfully import and attempt to import" heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 952 and § 963. Defendant first alleges that conspiracy to import a controlled substance and attempt to import a controlled substance are two separate offenses, and therefore Count One is duplicitous. Defendant is correct in stating that Count One of the indictment is duplicitous as attempt and conspiracy require different proof and are two separate offenses. However, we must examine whether defendant has waived his right to raise issues stemming from the duplicitous indictment at this stage of the proceedings when there already has been a prior appeal of this case to the Sixth Circuit, in which these issues were not raised, and the Sixth Circuit in the prior appeal affirmed defendant's conviction on Count One.

Pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(b)(2), if a defendant wishes to get a duplicitous indictment dismissed, he must raise the issue before trial. In other words, the technical error of the duplicity must be raised before trial. If the technical error is not objected to then, the trial will proceed even though the indictment charges two separate offenses in one count under the presumption that the court's jury instructions can clear up any ambiguity created by the duplicity. In other words, the court can cure the error of duplicity by instructing the jury that it must come to a unanimous verdict in regard to either one offense or the other. See United States v. Gordon, 844 F.2d 1397, 1401 (9th Cir.1988).

A defendant may raise the alleged harm stemming from the duplicitous indictment at trial or on appeal even if he does not object to the duplicitous indictment before trial. For example, a defendant can raise the issue that due to the duplicity in the indictment, it is unclear whether the jury's verdict in regard to either offense was unanimous. This type of error does not have to be objected to before trial, because it concerns not only a technicality (two offenses are charged in one count), but also raises issues involving substantive rights (right to a unanimous jury verdict). See Davis v. United States, 411 U.S. 233, 244, 93 S.Ct. 1577, 1583, 36 L.Ed.2d 216 (1973) (waiver provisions of Rule 12(b)(2) are operative only with respect to claims of defects in the institution of criminal proceedings); United States v. Rosenbarger, 536 F.2d 715, 721-22 (6th Cir.1976) (failure to object to error in indictment before trial does not waive right to object to incorrect sentence caused by the error), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 965, 97 S.Ct. 2920, 53 L.Ed.2d 1060 (1977). Because the defendant herein is not objecting to a mere technicality (that his conviction on Count One must be dismissed because Count One charges two offenses), but instead argues that his substantive rights were affected by the duplicitous indictment, defendant has not waived his right to raise such issues simply because he failed to object to the indictment before trial. As this court explained in United States v. Duncan, 850 F.2d 1104, 1108 n. 4 (6th Cir.1988):

A duplicitous indictment is one that charges separate offenses in a single count. The overall vice of duplicity is that the jury cannot in a general verdict render its finding on each offense, making it difficult to determine whether a conviction rests on only one of the offenses or on both. Adverse effects on a defendant may include ... the danger that a conviction will result from a less than unanimous verdict as to each separate offense.

However, in the present case, as the district court pointed out, defendant failed to raise any alleged harm stemming from the duplicitous indictment during trial or during the prior appeal before this court. We agree with the district court that this failure constitutes a waiver in regard to defendant's claims of a less than unanimous jury verdict on Count One and of ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant could have raised his arguments in regard to a non-unanimous jury verdict and ineffective assistance of counsel in the prior appeal, but failed to do so, and, therefore, he waived his right to raise these issues before the district court on remand or before this court on appeal after remand. The law-of-the-case doctrine bars challenges to a decision made at a previous stage of the litigation which could have been challenged in a prior appeal, but were not. See County of Suffolk v. Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., 106 F.3d 1112, 1117 (2nd Cir.1997). A party who could have sought review of an issue or a ruling during a prior appeal is deemed to have waived the right to challenge that decision thereafter, for "[i]t would be absurd that a party who has chosen not to argue a point on a first appeal should stand better as regards the law of the case than one who had argued and lost." Fogel v. Chestnutt, 668 F.2d 100, 109 (2nd Cir.1981), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 828, 103 S.Ct. 65, 74 L.Ed.2d 66 (1982).

Because defendant could have raised the issues of a less than unanimous jury verdict and ineffective assistance of counsel in the prior appeal, the district court correctly found that these issues have been waived.

III.

However, defendant raises one issue that has not been waived. Defendant first argues that Count One of the indictment is duplicitous because it charges two offenses--conspiracy to import and attempt to import. Defendant next attempts to argue that Count One of the indictment does not charge an offense, because it includes the offense of "conspiracy to attempt to import," and there is no such federal offense. ¹

Even though defendant did not raise his argument that Count One fails to charge an offense in the prior appeal, this argument has not been waived. If an indictment does not charge a cognizable federal offense, then a federal court lacks jurisdiction to try a defendant for violation of the offense. Se...