U.S. v. Alborola-Rodriguez

• Decision Date: 04 September 1998
• Docket Number: ALBOROLA-RODRIGUEZ,No. 96-5533,96-5533
• Parties: 12 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 85 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jorge, a.k.a. Jorge A. Alborola-Rodriguez; Maurico Bautista a.k.a. Humberto Gutierrez, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1269

153 F.3d 1269

12 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 85

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jorge ALBOROLA-RODRIGUEZ, a.k.a. Jorge A.

Alborola-Rodriguez; Maurico Bautista a.k.a.

Humberto Gutierrez, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 96-5533.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Sept. 4, 1998.

Marisa Tinkler Mendez, Mendez & Mendez, Coral Gables, FL, for Alborola-Rodriguez.

Kathleen Williams, Fed. Pub. Defender, Joaquin Mendez, Jr., Asst. Fed. Pub. Defender, Miami, FL, for Bautista.

William A. Keefer, U.S. Atty., Dawn Bowen, Eduardo I. Sanchez, Suzan H. Ponzoli, Asst. U.S. Attys., Miami, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Before TJOFLAT and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and SMITH ^*, Senior Circuit Judge.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

I.

Appellants Maurico Bautista ("Bautista") and Jorge Alborola-Rodriguez ("Alborola") appeal their convictions for violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(1), and Alborola appeals his sentence imposed by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. As stated in their briefs, the defendants present the following issues for appellate review:

(A) Bautista

(1) Whether the district court improperly failed to dismiss the indictment on grounds of outrageous governmental conduct.

(2) Whether the district court improperly instructed the jury that it could return inconsistent verdicts and convict Bautista of unlawfully using a firearm during the commission of a drug trafficking crime even if it did not convict him of committing the drug trafficking crime.

(B) Alborola

(1) Whether the jury verdict may stand where Alborola was found not guilty of a substantive drug trafficking offense and where the district court instructed the jury that it could find Alborola guilty of a § 924(c)(1) offense even if it found him not guilty of a drug trafficking offense.

(2) Whether the evidence at trial was sufficient to support Alborola's conviction.

(3) Whether the ten-year statutory sentence imposed in Alborola's case was erroneous.

In addition, we consider sua sponte whether we must vacate the portion of Alborola's sentence that ordered deportation as a condition of supervised release.

After carefully reviewing the record in this case, as well as reading the parties' briefs and having the benefit of oral argument, we summarily affirm Bautista and Alborola's convictions. ¹ We also affirm Alborola's sentence, except for the district court's imposition of deportation as a condition of supervised release under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d).

II.

Alborola requests that this court vacate his ten year enhanced statutory sentence for using or carrying a short-barreled shotgun during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). The applicable statutory penalty under § 924(c)(1) depends in part upon the type of weapon the defendant used or carried. The baseline penalty for an ordinary "firearm" is five years imprisonment, but "if the firearm is a short-barreled rifle, short-barreled shotgun, or semiautomatic assault weapon," the punishment is "imprisonment for ten years." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). If the firearm is a "machinegun, or a destructive device, or is equipped with a firearm silencer or firearm muffler," the penalty is 30 years in prison. Id.

Alborola contends that three firearms were at issue in his trial: a pistol, a short-barreled shotgun, and an M-1 rifle. He further contends that because the jury rendered only a general guilty verdict without specifying which weapon or weapons they unanimously found him to have used or carried, he should have received only a five-year sentence. Alborola cites persuasive authority for the proposition that, where the jury verdict does not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant used or carried a firearm that subjects him to a term greater than five years under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), the enhanced sentence may not be affirmed. See United States v. Melvin, 27 F.3d 710 (1st Cir.1994). Alborola's argument necessarily implies his belief that firearm type is an element of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1).

The government responds that the type of firearm is not an element of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), and therefore, it was not a question for the jury, but rather a question for the sentencing court. In any event, the government argues that trial evidence established that Alborola handled a short-barreled shotgun.

III.

Because Alborola's argument presents a question of statutory interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), this court applies de novo review. See United States v. McArthur, 108 F.3d 1350, 1353 (11th Cir.1997). However, Alborola did not argue at trial that firearm type is an element of the offense requiring specific jury findings, nor did he argue at sentencing that the lack of specific jury findings rendered a ten year enhanced sentence inapplicable. ² Therefore, we review Alborola's contention for plain error. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); McArthur, 108 F.3d at 1353 n. 3. Because the first step in plain error analysis is determining whether error occurred, see Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, ----, 117 S.Ct. 1544, 1549, 137 L.Ed.2d 718 (1997), we must interpret § 924(c)(1) and determine whether specific jury findings are required before a defendant may be sentenced to an enhanced term for carrying or using certain firearms. This is a question of first impression in this circuit.

IV.

As stated previously, Alborola relies upon the First Circuit decision of United States v. Melvin, 27 F.3d 710 (1st Cir.1994). In fact, Melvin does not adequately support Alborola's position. In Melvin, unlike the present case, the government conceded that § 924(c)(1)'s enhanced penalty provisions required specific jury findings on firearm type. Id. at 714. Because the issue was undisputed, the First Circuit expressly declined to reach the issue of whether firearm type is an element of § 924(c)(1). Id. at 715 n. 9. The actual holding of Melvin is merely that reversal of an unenhanced five-year § 924(c) sentence is not required where the jury's verdict did not unambiguously establish the involvement of a machine gun, one of many firearms charged in the count of conviction. Id.; see also See United States v. Branch, 91 F.3d 699, 740 (5th Cir.1996) (discussing the limited holding of Melvin), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1466, 137 L.Ed.2d 681 (1997).

Although the First Circuit in Melvin assumed that firearm type is an element of § 924(c)(1), other circuits are divided on this issue. According to the Fifth Circuit, firearm type is only a factor to be determined at sentencing by a preponderance of the evidence. See Branch, 91 F.3d at 737-41. In Branch, the defendants were indicted and convicted only of using or carrying "firearms," but four defendants received enhanced 30-year sentences for using machine guns. Id. at 710-11, 738. They argued that because the indictment and jury verdict only indicated that they were guilty of carrying "firearms," they should have received five-year sentences. Id. at 738. Relying on the structure of § 924(c)(1) and its legislative history, the Fifth Circuit held that "[t]he Government need not charge in the indictment nor must the jury find as part of its verdict the particular type of firearm used or carried by the defendant." Id. at 740.

In a case decided shortly after Branch, the Ninth Circuit held that "where the government seeks more than the minimum five year consecutive sentence" under § 924(c)(1), the type of firearm "must be found by the jury; that is to say, it is an element of the crime." United States v. Alerta, 96 F.3d 1230, 1235 (9th Cir.1996). The Sixth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in United States v. Sims, 975 F.2d 1225, 1235-36 (6th Cir.1992).

After reviewing...