U.S. v. Aldaz, 90-30187
| Decision Date | 13 December 1990 |
| Docket Number | No. 90-30187,90-30187 |
| Citation | 921 F.2d 227 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Cedric ALDAZ, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Nancy Shaw, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Anchorage, Alaska, for defendant-appellant.
Larry D. Card, Asst. U.S. Atty., Anchorage, Alaska, for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska.
Before GOODWIN, WRIGHT and NOONAN, Circuit Judges.
Aldaz appeals an order denying his motion to suppress. The district court denied his motion after finding that the initial seizure of his packages was supported by a reasonable articulable suspicion, and that the delay of his packages was not so unreasonably long as to violate the Fourth Amendment. We affirm.
On Saturday, October 8, 1988, Aldaz mailed an express delivery package from Emmonak, Alaska. 1 The temporary postmaster, Quinlivan, was suspicious of Aldaz and the package. He had been informed by state trooper Piles that Aldaz was suspected of trafficking in illegal drugs.
Quinlivan called Postal Inspector Hertle in Anchorage to inform him of the package. Quinlivan told Hertle that Aldaz was suspected of drug dealing and that he always had money to buy money orders, though he was unemployed. Hertle, who had previously received information from the full-time postmistress in Emmonak that he should watch Aldaz's mail, directed Quinlivan to send him the package by registered mail. Because of the mail schedule, the package did not leave Emmonak until October 11. 2
On October 11, Aldaz and his girlfriend mailed three additional packages. The manner in which these were mailed aroused Quinlivan's suspicion. Aldaz mailed packages with his girlfriend's return address while she waited in his truck. She mailed packages with his return address while he waited in the truck. Quinlivan promptly reported all of this to Hertle, who directed Quinlivan to send him the three packages by registered mail.
On October 11, the packages left Emmonak with the regular mail sealed in a registered pouch. Mail leaving Emmonak travels to St. Mary's, where it is sorted, then forwarded to various destinations. Because of aircraft maintenance that day, the usual mail flight from St. Mary's to Anchorage was canceled. The mail was sent on a substitute flight, but it did not arrive until 1:00 a.m. on October 13. The packages were received and receipted for by Inspector Hertle at 4:28 p.m., October 13, 1988. 3
He immediately called the Alaska State Troopers K-9 Unit to arrange a drug detection canine sniff. He was told that no dogs were available that evening. 4 At 9:45 a.m. on October 14, the packages were subjected to a drug sniff by a reliable dog. The dog gave a positive alert on all four packages.
Hertle completed the required mail cover forms and proceeded to draft affidavits and search warrants for the three packages mailed on October 11. He then presented them to a federal magistrate. The first warrant was issued by 3:05 p.m. A search revealed three packages containing marijuana.
Information about the fruits of these searches was incorporated into an affidavit seeking a search warrant for the express delivery package mailed on October 8. A warrant was issued and the subsequent lab report disclosed a trace of cocaine in the package.
The district court denied a motion to suppress the evidence obtained in the searches. Aldaz gave a conditional guilty plea to distributing a controlled substance and unlawful use of a communications facility, preserving his right to appeal.
Aldaz argues that the initial seizure of his packages and the length of their detention by the postal authorities violated the Fourth Amendment. A warrantless seizure and detention presents a mixed question of law and fact reviewed de novo. United States v. Dass, 849 F.2d 414, 415 (9th Cir.1988).
Postal authorities may seize and detain packages if they have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity. See United States v. Van Leeuwen, 397 U.S. 249, 90 S.Ct. 1029, 25 L.Ed.2d 282 (1970); cf. United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 700-06, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 2641-44, 77 L.Ed.2d 110 (1970). Because Quinlivan had neither authority to seize packages nor to apply for a warrant, we examine this issue using the information available to Inspector Hertle, who did have such authority.
At the time of the first seizure, Hertle had information from independent sources that could lead him to believe that Aldaz was using the mail for drug trafficking. The permanent postmistress had warned him to be suspicious of Aldaz's mail. 5 He knew that state police suspected Aldaz of sending drugs through the mail. Quinlivan relayed information that Aldaz had money, but no job. When he authorized the seizure of the other three packages, Hertle also had heard about the suspicious manner in which Aldaz mailed them.
We find the information known by Hertle was sufficient to allow him to have an articulable suspicion that Aldaz was dealing in drugs by mail. He could reasonably authorize the detention of Aldaz's packages for further investigation.
We turn to Aldaz's argument that the length of the detention of the packages by postal authorities violated the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court has said that, even if the initial seizure of a mailed package is valid, a continued detention could at some point become an unreasonable seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. United States v. Van Leeuwen, 397 U.S. 249, 252, 90 S.Ct. 1029, 1032, 25 L.Ed.2d 282 (1970). The length of the detention here, however, was not unreasonable.
In Van Leeuwen, circumstances surrounding the mailing of two packages aroused the suspicion of a postal clerk in Mount Vernon, Washington. He informed a police officer, who had also noticed suspicious circumstances surrounding the mailing of the packages. Id. at 250, 90 S.Ct. at 1031. The packages were detained while Later that day, Seattle Customs discovered that one of the addressees was under investigation for trafficking illegal coins. Because of the time difference between Seattle and Nashville, Seattle Customs could not get additional information about the second addressee until the following day. The information obtained then showed that the second addressee was also suspected of trafficking illegal coins. Seattle Customs then applied for search warrants. Before search warrants could be issued, transferred from Seattle to Mount Vernon and executed, 29 hours had elapsed from the initial seizure of the packages.
Seattle Customs officers investigated further.
The Court held that on the facts before it, the 29-hour detention was neither unreasonable nor a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 253, 90 S.Ct. at 1032. The distance between Seattle and Mount Vernon and the unavoidable delay in communicating with Nashville lengthened the warrant application process.
This court applied Van Leeuwen in United States v. Hillison, 733 F.2d 692 (9th Cir.1984). After finding the facts to be similar to those in Van Leeuwen, we observed that the nine-hour detention in Hillison was far less than the 29-hour delay in Van Leeuwen. We held that the Hillison detention did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 696.
In United States v. Dass, 849 F.2d 414, 415 (9th Cir.1988), this court examined the reasonableness of detaining packages for seven to 23 days. Agents on the island of Hawaii collected suspicious packages from 10 different island post offices and transported them to a central location. Id. at 416. Within two days of the seizures, trained dogs did drug sniffs on the packages and "alerted" on a large number of them. The officers sought search warrants for 441 of these packages. 6 Id.
The majority in Dass found the detentions unreasonably long and affirmed the district court's suppression of the evidence. The majority acknowledged that the Supreme Court had upheld a 29-hour delay, but stated "[W]e are reluctant to extend the Van Leeuwen outer boundary of 29 hours to a period not measured in hours, but in days and weeks." Id. at 415.
Aldaz argues that Hillison and Dass create a bright-line rule that delays of more than 29 hours violate the Fourth Amendment. 7 We reject this argument. In dictum, the Dass court suggested that Hillison may have interpreted Van Leeuwen as creating an outer boundary of 29 hours, but a close reading shows that Hillison did not do so.
The Hillison court used Van Leeuwen as a guide because of factual similarities. It acknowledged that its facts were very similar to those in Van Leeuwen before holding, based on Van Leeuwen, that the nine-hour delay before it was not unreasonable. It did not establish or apply a bright-line rule.
The Dass court similarly acknowledged that the reasonableness of the 29-hour delay in Van Leeuwen depended upon its facts. Although the Dass...
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