U.S. v. Bailey

• Decision Date: 14 May 1992
• Docket Number: No. 91-3087,91-3087
• Citation: 961 F.2d 180
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Francis BAILEY, a/k/a John Franklin Bailey, Defendant-Appellant. Non-Argument Calendar.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 180

961 F.2d 180

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Francis BAILEY, a/k/a John Franklin Bailey, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 91-3087

Non-Argument Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

May 14, 1992.

Armando Garcia, Tallahassee, Fla., for defendant-appellant.

C. Richard Newsome, Asst. U.S. Atty., Tallahassee, Fla., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.

Before EDMONDSON and COX, Circuit Judges, and GODBOLD, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Defendant Bailey was found guilty on three counts: Count One, assault with intent to rob a postmistress; Count Two, use of a firearm during the robbery; and Count Three, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

The district court relied upon U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2 (1991) to enhance defendant's sentence by three levels for commission of a crime upon an "official" victim. 18 U.S.C.A. § 1114 (West 1984 and Supp.1991) includes Postal Service officers or employees in its definition of official victims. The court sentenced defendant to two concurrent 87 month sentences on Counts One and Three and to a five year sentence on Count Two running consecutive to those on Counts One and Three.

Defendant now appeals, challenging only the application of the official victim provision to enhance his offense level and sentence.

We must uphold Bailey's sentence unless it "was imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines." 18 U.S.C.A. § 3742(e)(2) (West 1985 and Supp.1991); see also U.S. v. Crawford, 906 F.2d 1531, 1536 (11th Cir.1990). We must accept the district court's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous and "give due deference to the district court's application of the guidelines to the facts." 18 U.S.C.A. § 3742(e). See Crawford, 906 F.2d at 1536.

The party seeking to invoke a sentence adjustment pursuant to a guidelines provision has the burden of proving that the provision applies. U.S. v. Wilson, 884 F.2d 1355, 1356 (11th Cir.1989). Therefore, the government has the burden of proving that § 3A1.2 applies.

The enhancement provision involved, U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2(a) states, inter alia:

Official Victim

If--

(a) the victim was ... an officer or employee included in 18 U.S.C. § 1114 ... and the offense of conviction was motivated by such status ...

increase by 3 levels.

This language indicates that enhancement for an official victim is mandatory. Application Note 1 of the Commentary to § 3A1.2 instructs that enhancement should be invoked only in those cases in which "specified individuals are victims of the offense" rather than organizations, agencies, or the government in general. Application Note 4 defines "motivated by such status" as "the offense of conviction was motivated by the fact that the victim was a ... person covered under 18 U.S.C § 1114...." The Note warns that enhancement should not be invoked in situations where the crime was motivated by a personal dispute between two employees of the same governmental agency.

As noted above, 18 U.S.C.A. § 1114 includes "officer or employee of the Postal Service" in its compendium of official victims.

Defendant contends that two factors must have been present to justify application of § 3A1.2 to enhance his sentence. First, the victim must have been an official within the scope of § 1114. Defendant concedes that the postmistress falls within the scope of the statute. Second, the offense must have been motivated by the official status of the victim. Defendant contends that the government has not met its burden of demonstrating that the armed robbery was motivated by the victim's status as a Postal Service employee.

At trial the government presented the following evidence. Defendant entered the Fountain, Florida post office and asked the postmistress for information regarding a Fountain resident. The postmistress was the only employee present. The postmistress gave some information to defendant and he left. He returned, again asking the postmistress about the Fountain resident. Unable to learn anything more about this resident, he then asked the postmistress for a $150 money order. As she was preparing the money order, defendant displayed his gun to her and demanded the money orders along with the money order validation machine, which she handed to him. Defendant did not demand any of the postmistress' personal belongings. Defendant forced the postmistress into the back room of the post office and used adhesive tape to bind her hands, feet, and mouth. While no direct evidence of defendant's motivation in selecting this particular victim was presented at trial, the record demonstrates that defendant robbed the postmistress because, as a postal employee, she was in possession of money orders and a money order validation machine.

The district court adopted the presentence report's factual findings and guidelines applications with the exception of several recommended adjustments unrelated to § 3A1.2. The presentence report summarily...