U.S. v. Barfield, 75--1291

• Decision Date: 25 February 1976
• Docket Number: No. 75--1291,75--1291
• Citation: 527 F.2d 858
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Thomas J. BARFIELD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 858

527 F.2d 858

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Thomas J. BARFIELD, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 75--1291.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Feb. 25, 1976.

Olney G. Wallis, Houston, Tex. (Court appointed), for defendant-appellant.

Edward B. McDonough, Jr., U.S. Atty., James R. Gough, Asst. U.S. Atty., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before GOLDBERG and AINSWORTH, Circuit Judges, and NICHOLS, Associate Judge. ^*

GOLDBERG, Circuit Judge:

Thomas J. Barfield was charged under a two count indictment with making a false statement on an official form in connection with the acquisition of a firearm and with receiving a firearm affecting commerce, both in violation of the Gun Control Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6) and 18 U.S.C.App. § 1202(a) (1). After a trial before a jury and a verdict of guilty on both counts, the district court imposed concurrent sentences of five years on Count I and two years on Count II. On appeal, Barfield asserts that the lower court should have granted his request for a mistrial when the prosecutor mentioned in the presence of the jury that Barfield had four prior felony convictions. Although we cannot endorse this type of conduct on the prosecutor's part, we believe that the court, through its cautionary instruction, cured any damage caused by the remark. We therefore affirm the convictions.

I. The Gun Control Act

Both of the sections of the Gun Control Act involved in this case direct particular attention to the convicted felon. Section 922(a)(6) makes it unlawful 'to make any false or fictitious oral or written statement' in connection with the acquisition of a firearm. ¹ Federal Treasury Form 4473, which purchasers of firearms must sign, requires the buyer to certify that he has not been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year. The form clearly states in two different places that an untruthful answer subjects the applicant to criminal penalties. Section 1202(a) (1) makes criminal the receipt, possession, or transportation in commerce or affecting commerce of a firearm by one who has been convicted of a felony by a court of the United States or any state.

II. The Stipulation

During the defense's opening statement to the jury, Barfield's lawyer said that Barfield would not contest the fact that he was a convicted felon. After the opening statements, the court asked both attorneys in the presence of the jury if they had entered into any stipulations. The following exchange then took place:

Mr. Wallis (Barfield's lawyer): Your Honor, may it please the court, we should like to enter the stipulation that the defendant is a man convicted of a felony for which there is imprisonment in excess of one year.

Mr. Campbell (prosecutor): Your Honor, we would vigorously resist and reject that stipulation. ²

After more discussion, all in front of the jury, the prosecutor said, 'Your Honor, we would be agreeable to expedite matters then if counsel would be willing to stipulate the fact that he has four prior felony convictions.' The defense immediately objected and moved for a mistrial. After excusing the jury, the court expressed concern about the prejudicial impact of the prosecutor's statement. Refusing to declare a mistrial, the judge resolved the problem by securing the prosecutor's agreement to the defense's offered stipulation and by instructing the jury on its return that the district attorney's statement was not evidence and should not be considered in any way. ³

III. Refusal to Grant Mistrial

The only argument Barfield has mustered on appeal is that the cautionary instruction was inadequate to cure the prejudice injected by the prosecutor's remark, and for that reason that the court erred in denying the motion for mistrial. As a first line defense, the Government asserts that it did not err in revealing that four prior convictions existed: since it was not required to accept any stipulation, it maintains that all four convictions could have been proved at trial. As a fallback position, the Government relies on the curative effect of the cautionary instruction.

Whether the Government can satisfy its burden of proving the prior conviction of a felony (or a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year) by proof of multiple convictions when the defense has raised an objection seems to be an open question. In United States v. Rusk, 5 Cir. 1975, 512 F.2d 815, this Court held that '(t)here was sufficient proof of prior convictions of four burglaries and one assault with intent to rob . . .' in response to the defendant's contention that there was no evidence of his conviction of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. It does not appear, however, that the defendant objected to proof of more than one conviction. In United States v. Peplinski, 8 Cir. 1972, 472 F.2d 84, the jury was apprised of Peplinski's three prior felony convictions, but it probably would have learned of the convictions in the form of impeachment evidence when Peplinski took the stnad. Thus, the number of convictions that the Government may prove to satisfy its burden under the Gun Control Act is still unsettled.

No one disputes the necessity of proving one valid conviction. The thorny problem is whether proof of more than one amounts to impermissible prosecutorial overkill. In an attempt to justify proof of several crimes, the Government points out that if the conviction used as proof in the gun prosecution were vacated later, then the gun conviction could also be overturned on a habeas corpus attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See, e.g., Pasterchik v. United States, 9 Cir. 1972, 466 F.2d 1367. On the other hand, the danger of the jury convicting a 'bad man' is surely enhanced if multiple prior convictions are in evidence. Additionally, when the defendant stipulates to 'a prior conviction' the Government may not be exposed to the same problems in the § 2255 situation as it is when a particular conviction is proved. ⁴

If the Government's assertion that it is entitled to prove multiple convictions is right, then the prosecutor's remark here would not constitute reversible error, although even the Government concedes it was 'indiscreet.' We will assume arguendo, however, that the Government may prove only one conviction under normal circumstances, ⁵ and decide whether the court's instruction was adequate to cure the prejudicial effect of the remark.

When the prosecutor mentioned the existence of the four convictions, the court promptly excused the jury, listened to the arguments on both sides, and gave its instruction. The instruction itself was a careful one: several times the judge stressed that the jury was not to consider even the possibility that the defendant had been convicted more than one time, and that it was to decide the case solely on the evidence presented under oath. In our opinion, this instruction was adequate to assuage the prejudice injected by the remark. We conclude that the district court did not err in overruling defendant's motion for mistrial. See United States v. Underhill, 5 Cir. 1973, 483 F.2d 36, 37; United States v. Bursten, 5 Cir. 1971, 453 F.2d 605,...