U.S. v. Bautista, 83-1690

• Decision Date: 09 April 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-1690,83-1690
• Parties: 15 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 822 UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Juan A. BAUTISTA, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 97

731 F.2d 97

15 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 822

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Juan A. BAUTISTA, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 83-1690.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Submitted March 9, 1984.

Decided April 9, 1984.

Mitchell Benjoya and Denner & Benjoya, Boston, Mass., on brief for appellant.

William F. Weld, U.S. Atty., and E. Sydney Hanlon, Asst. U.S. Atty., on brief for appellee.

Before COFFIN, BOWNES and BREYER, Circuit Judges.

COFFIN, Circuit Judge.

Appellant was convicted in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts of possessing cocaine with intent to distribute it in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1) and of conspiring to possess cocaine with intent to distribute it in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846. Appellant raises four points in support of his argument that this conviction was improper. First, he contends that evidence admitted against him was the fruit of an illegal search, and that the court erred in denying his motion to suppress this evidence. Second, he claims that the court's refusal to sever his trial from that of his co-defendant compromised his right to a fair trial. Third, he argues that the court erred in admitting hearsay statements of his co-defendant. Finally, he argues that the government failed to prove its case against him, and that the court erred in refusing to grant his motion for acquittal. We find that the district court ruled correctly on all of these issues, and we affirm.

Appellant's co-defendant, Michael Paglucca, arranged to sell four ounces of cocaine to James Sullivan, an undercover agent for the Drug Enforcement Administration. Paglucca said that he and his "source" would meet at Paglucca's home at 8:30 p.m., and that Paglucca would meet Special Agent Sullivan at a Pewter Pot restaurant in Revere, Massachusetts, at 9:00 p.m. Paglucca stated that the "source" would travel to the meeting place in a separate car and would wait nearby with the cocaine while Paglucca checked to be sure that Special Agent Sullivan had the agreed-on amount of money.

On the day of the transaction, Special Agent Boeri of the Drug Enforcement Administration conducted a surveillance of Paglucca's home. He saw Paglucca leave his residence and wait on a nearby street corner for approximately forty-five minutes. At 8:45 p.m. a white Cadillac pulled up at the corner, and Paglucca got into the passenger seat and continued to wait. At 9:20 p.m. Bautista drove up in a black Lincoln Continental. Paglucca went over to the Lincoln and spoke to Bautista. Paglucca came back to the Cadillac and spoke briefly to its driver and then returned to the Lincoln and sat in the passenger seat. Bautista and Paglucca drove away in the Lincoln, and the Cadillac followed.

Special Agent Boeri followed the cars to a convenience store in Revere located around the corner from the Pewter Pot restaurant. Bautista parked the Lincoln and entered the convenience store. Paglucca ran through a gas station to the parking lot of the restaurant, where Special Agent Sullivan was waiting in his car. Paglucca apologized for being late, explaining that his source of supply had kept him waiting. He counted Special Agent Sullivan's money and then told Special Agent Sullivan that he would go back across the parking lot and get the cocaine, which was "with [his] people in a car around the corner". Paglucca left, and Special Agent Sullivan transmitted to Special Agent Boeri the information that Paglucca's companions were around the corner and that they had the cocaine with them in a car.

Paglucca returned to the Lincoln, found that Bautista was not inside, and turned toward the convenience store. He met Bautista coming out of the convenience store and received from him a small object which Special Agent Boeri believed to be the keys to the Lincoln. Paglucca went to the Lincoln, unlocked the passenger-side door, and opened the door. At this point Special Agent Boeri arrested both Paglucca and Bautista. He then searched the Lincoln and found a packet of cocaine in a paper bag wedged between the front seats of the car.

Appellant argues that the warrantless search of the Lincoln was unlawful, and that the cocaine seized during the search should not have been admitted into evidence. The government argues that the search was justified either as a search incident to a lawful arrest or as a search made pursuant to the "automobile exception" to the warrant requirement. The district court denied appellant's motion to suppress, finding that both the arrests and the search were lawful.

Appellant raises two objections to the government's argument that the search of the automobile was proper as a search incident to a lawful arrest. First, he argues that the agents did not have probable cause to arrest him, and that any search arising out of his arrest must therefore have been illegal. Second, he argues that even if the agents did have probable cause to arrest him, they had no justification for making a protective search of the car, since he was not near the car when they arrested him.

Even if these arguments were supported by the record, we fail to see how they would advance appellant's claim that the motion to suppress should have been granted. The agents plainly had probable cause to arrest Paglucca, who had announced to Special Agent Sullivan that he was returning to his source's car to get the cocaine. See Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 225-26, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964) (Officers had probable cause to make an arrest if "the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [person arrested] had committed or was committing an offense"). When the agents arrested Paglucca, he was standing beside the open door of the Lincoln. He could easily have reached into the passenger compartment of the car to seize a weapon or to destroy contraband. Under these circumstances, the agents were justified in making a protective search of the Lincoln's passenger compartment and of any package in the compartment that might conceal a weapon or destructible contraband. See New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 2864, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981). Because we find that the cocaine was properly seized during a search incident to a lawful arrest, we have no need to reach the government's argument that the search was also justified under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement.

Appellant argues that he was denied a fair trial because the district court refused to grant his motion to sever his trial from that of co-defendant Paglucca. He contends that his defense to the possession charge and Paglucca's defense were antagonistic. Each defendant pleaded innocent to the charge of possessing the cocaine found in the Lincoln. Appellant contends that Paglucca's claim that the cocaine was not in his possession necessarily implied that the cocaine was in appellant's possession, since appellant and Paglucca were the sole occupants of the Lincoln. In addition, appellant argues that the jurors might have considered as evidence of his guilt a "cuff list" of drug customers admitted only against Paglucca.

Two defendants may be charged in the same indictment and tried jointly where, as here, "they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction or in the same series of acts or transactions constituting an offense or offenses". Fed.R.Crim.P. 8(b). A trial judge may sever the trials of defendants who were properly joined "[i]f it appears that a defendant or the government is prejudiced by a ... joinder for trial together ...." Fed.R.Crim.P. 14. This court has joined many others in holding that "[t]he grant or denial of severance is clearly within the sound discretion of the trial court and its action on such motion will be overturned only when there has been a clear abuse of such discretion". United States v. Davis, 623 F.2d 188, 194 (1st Cir.1980) (citing cases). In order to show that a denial of a severance motion constitutes abuse of discretion, "a party must make a strong showing of prejudice". United States v. Lochan, 674 F.2d 960, 967 (...