U.S. v. Behanna

• Decision Date: 10 April 1987
• Docket Number: 85-1262,Nos. 85-1261,s. 85-1261
• Citation: 814 F.2d 1318
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Barbara BEHANNA and William Galemoor, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1318

814 F.2d 1318

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Barbara BEHANNA and William Galemoor, Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 85-1261, 85-1262.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Nov. 10, 1986.

Decided April 10, 1987.

William R. Tidwell, Las Vegas, Nev. and Lorn Aiken, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants-appellants.

Howard J. Zlotnick and David J. Moynihan, Las Vegas, Nev., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

Before TANG, SCHROEDER and NORRIS, Circuit Judges.

SCHROEDER, Circuit Judge:

The appellants were tried jointly and each was convicted of possession of an unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. Sec. 5861(d) (1982). Police discovered a machine gun in a black bag on the floor of an automobile occupied by the defendants. Both appeal. The sufficiency of the evidence in Behanna's case is the most serious issue raised. We reverse her conviction because of the government's failure to establish she had any knowledge of the existence of the machine gun. We affirm Galemoor's conviction.

The events leading to the charge began when a police officer observed the defendants asleep in a parked pickup truck with expired license plates. Galemoor was on the driver's side and Behanna on the passenger side. The officer woke them and requested identification. The name Galemoor gave the officer did not match the name on the expired registration, and a computer check on Behanna revealed her prior involvement with concealed weapons. The officer instructed both to leave the vehicle and wait near the patrol car. The officer then observed an illegal container of tear gas in plain view inside an open milk crate in the truck. The officer examined the contents of the crate and found a number of weapons and weapons paraphernalia. Then, while writing down the vehicle identification number from the driver's window, the officer saw a black nylon bag on the floorboard directly in front of the driver's seat. The bag contained the automatic machine gun which was the subject of the indictment, as well as other weapons and weapons paraphernalia. The subsequent search of the vehicle produced a pistol concealed in a jacket and a shotgun stowed behind the seat. The only crime with which the defendants were charged in this proceeding, however, was possession of the machine gun inside the black bag.

The prosecution's evidence at trial showed that Galemoor owned the truck, occupied the driver's side where the gun was found, and knew there was a weapon inside the bag. Behanna, on the other hand, admitted knowledge of some of the weapons in the vehicle, but in her statements to the police denied any knowledge of the machine gun. The defense called no witnesses at the trial.

Barbara Behanna

Behanna challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction of possession of the machine gun. She argues that the only evidence linking her to the machine gun was her presence as a passenger in the truck. She relies upon a long line of established authority that mere access and proximity to property does not establish constructive possession of that property. As we have summarized recently:

In order to prove constructive possession of property, the government must demonstrate that the defendant both knows of the presence of the contraband and has power to exercise dominion and control over it. Williams v. United States, 418 F.2d 159, 162 (9th Cir.1969), aff'd, 401 U.S. 646, 91 S.Ct. 1148, 28 L.Ed.2d 388 (1971). If the defendant has exclusive control over the premises where contraband is found, then knowledge and control may be inferred. See Arellanes v. United States, 302 F.2d 603, 606 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 930, 83 S.Ct. 294, 9 L.Ed.2d 238 (1962); accord United States v. Staten, 581 F.2d 878, 884 (D.C.Cir.1978). A more difficult situation for the government exists when the premises are shared by more than one person. Mere proximity to contraband, presence on property where it is found, and association with a person or persons having control of it are all insufficient to establish constructive possession. See United States v. Valenzuela, 596 F.2d 824, 830-31 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 965, 99 S.Ct. 2415, 60 L.Ed.2d 1071 (1979); Williams, 418 F.2d 159, 162-63; Delgado v. United States, 327 F.2d 641, 642 (9th Cir.1964).

United States v. Rodriguez, 761 F.2d 1339, 1341 (9th Cir.1985).

When the government charges an individual with possession of a weapon in a vehicle, we have squarely held that the government must do more than show that the defendant was present as a passenger in the vehicle and within reach of the weapon. United States v. Soto, 779 F.2d 558 (9th Cir.1986). "The mere proximity of a weapon to a passenger in a car goes only to its accessibility, not to the dominion or control which must be proved to establish possession." Id. at 560. The evidence in this case established no more than the proximity to the weapon which we held insufficient in Soto.

The government argues that the deficiency is cured by proof that the defendant knew of other weapons in the vehicle. Yet such evidence does not link the defendant to the crime charged. See id. (noting that evidence of Soto's fingerprint on shotgun established possession of shotgun, but not of other weapons located elsewhere in van).

According to prosecution testimony at trial, when asked if she had any knowledge of the machine gun in the vehicle, Behanna said "she didn't know it was there." The government suggests that by disbelieving this out-of-court denial, the jury could have concluded that she in fact had knowledge and control of the gun. There was, however, nothing before the jury bearing on the credibility of the statement. Behanna did not testify and therefore was not impeached. See United States v. Higginbotham, 539 F.2d 17, 24 (9th Cir.1976) (stating that once defendant takes stand and testifies on own behalf, "his credibility may be impeached and his testimony assailed"). See also McCormick on Evidence Sec. 33 (3d ed. 1984) (discussing techniques for attacking credibility). We have observed in United States v. Valdovinos, 558 F.2d 531, 534 (9th Cir.1977), that the jury can consider...